EFFECTS OF RICE HUSK BIOCHAR ON THE GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS, RHIZOSPHERIC MICROFLORA AND YIELD OF TOMATO PLANTS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51406/jagse.v19i1.2015Keywords:
Biochar, pyrolysis, rice-husk, tomato, bacteria, fungiAbstract
Human activities have degenerated nearly 40% of the universe soil through excessive chemical inputs, tilling and industrial activities. Biochar can increase soil fecundity, agricultural producti- vity and protects soil-borne diseases. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of rice husk biochar on the growth and yield of tomato plants. Biochar was produced through feedstock (rice-husk) pyrolysis and used as soil amendments at different concentrations (20 t/ha and 40 t/ha) and an unamend soil served as control. Physicochemical properties of the soil, rice husk, biochar and biochar soil before and after planting were determined using standard methods. Rhizospheric microflora of the plants were isolated and identified based on morphological and biochemical characterizations. Agronomic parameters such as plant height, stem girth, leaf area, number of leaves, flowers, fruits and weight of fruits were determined. Results revealed that rice husk biochar (40 t/ha) had the highest physical and chemical parameters while the unamend soil had the lowest constituents. Predominant bacterium and fungus are Bacillus subtilis and Aspergillus niger. Agronomic parameters: plant heights, stem girths, leaf areas, number of leaves, flowers, fruits and weight of fruits were higher in all the amended soil than the control at the various growth stages. The unamend soil yielded no fruit at 10th week while the amended soil yielded an average fruit weight of 34.95g ± 8.76 and 21.53g ± 5.16 at 20 t/ha and 40 t/ha respectively. This study revealed that biochar produced from rice husk could be used to improve growth and yield of tomato plants.
References
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Khan, H.Z., Malik, M.A. and Saleem, M.F. 2008. Effect of Rate and Source of Organic Material on the Production Potential of Spring Maize (Zea mays L.). Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Science 45(1): 40-43.
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Thomas, S.C., Frye, S., Gale, N., Garmon, M., Launchbury, R. and Winsborough, C. 2013. Biochar mitigates negative effects of salt additions on two herbaceous plant species. Journal of Environmental Management 129:62-68.
Crane, A., Abiven S., Jeffery S., Torn, M. S. 2013. Heterogeneous global crop yield response to biochar: a metaregression analysis. Environmental Research Letters 8(4): 44-49.
Giddel, M.R., Jivan, A.P. 2007. Waste to wealth, potential of rice husk in India a literature review. In: Proceedings of the international conference on cleaner technology and environmental management PEC, Pondicherry, India. Pp 586–590.
National Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Services and Projects Coordinating Units 2004. Field situation study. NAERLS/PCU. October 13, 2003.
Nwajiaku, I. M., Olanrewaju, J. S., Sato, K., Tokunari, T., Kitano, S., Masunaga, T. 2018. Change in nutrient composition of biochar from rice husk and sugarcane bagasse at varying pyrolytic temperatures. International Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture 5: 1-8.
Camps-Arbestain M, Amonette, J.E., Singh, B., Wang, T. and Schmidt, H.P. 2015. A biochar classification system and associated test methods. In: Lehmann J, Joseph S (eds) Biochar for environmental management: science, technology and implementation, 2nd edn. Rutledge, London, pp 165–193.
Stewart, C.E., Zheng, J., Botte, J. and Cotrufo, M.F. 2013. Cogenerated fast pyrolysis biochar mitigates green-house gas emissions and increases carbon sequestration in temperate soils. GCB Bioenergy 5(2): 153-164.
Hossain, M.F., Piash, M.I. & Parveen, Z. 2019. Effect of biochar and fertilizer application on the growth and nutrient accumulation of rice and vegetable in two contrast soils. Acta Scientific Agriculture 3 (3): 74-83.
Gandahi, A. W., Baloch, S. F., Sarki, M. S., Gandahi, R. and Lashari, M. S. 2015. Impact of rice husk biochar and macronutrient fertilizer on fodder maize and soil properties. International Journal of Biosciences 7(4): 12-21.
Warnock, D.D., Lehmann, J., Kuyper, T.W., Rillig, M.C. 2007. Mycorrhizal responses to biochar in soil–concepts and mechanisms. Plant Soil 300: 9-20.
Ojo, A.O., Olalekan, O.O., Ande, O.T., Adeoyolanu, O.D., Are, K.S., Adelana, A.O., Oke, A.O., Denton, A.O., Oyedele, A.O. 2017. Comparative study of the Mid-IR spectroscopy and chemical method for soil physical and chemical properties. Ife Journal of Agriculture 29: 1-3.
Nehra, K., Jaglan, A., Shaheen, A., Yadav, J., Lathwal, P. and Manpreet, I. 2015. Production of Poly-β-Hydroxybutyrate (PHB) by bacteria isolated from rhizospheric soils. International Journal of Microbial Resource Technology 2(3): 38-48.
Lashari, M.S, Liu, Y., Li, L., Pan, W., Fu, J., Pan, G., Zheng, J., Zheng, J., Zhang, X. and Yu, X. 2013. Effects of amendment of biochar-manure compost in conjunction with pyroligneous solution on soil quality and wheat yield of a salt-stressed cropland from Central China Great Plain. Field Crops Research 144: 113-118
Sullivan, A.L. and Ball, R. 2012. Thermal decomposition and combustion chemistry of cellulosic biomass. Atmospheric Environment 47: 133-141.
Chan, K.Y., Van Zwieten, L., Meszaros, I., Downie, A., Joseph, S. 2007. Agronomic values of green waste biochar as a soil amendment. Australian Journal of Soil Research 45: 629- 634.
Aderolu, A.Z., Iyayp, E.A. and Onilude, A.A. 2007. Changes in nutritional value of rice husk during Trichoderma viride. Degradation Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science 13: 583-591.
Odesola, I. F., Owoseni, T.A. 2010. Development of local technology for small scale biochar production processes from agricultural wastes. Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Applied Sciences 1(2): 205-208.
Ojo, A.O., Olalekan, O.O., Ande, O.T., Adeoyolanu, O.D., Are, K.S., Adelana, A.O., Oke, A.O., Denton, A.O., Oyedele, A.O. (2017). Comparative study of the Mid-IR spectroscopy and chemical method for soil physical and chemical properties. Ife Journal of Agriculture 29: 1-3.
Adeyemo, I. A., Olaribigbe, O. 2019. Incidence of mycoflora and mycotoxin contamination in pupuru; a locally fermented cassava flour sold in Okitipupa, Ondo State, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Microbiology 33(1): 4364-4372.
Kalika, P.U. 2015. The influence of biochar on crop Growth and the colonization of horticulcultural crops by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi. A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Queenland, p57.
[20]. Chan, K.Y., Van, Z., Meszaros, I., Downie, D., Joseph, S. 2008. Using poultry litter biochars as soil amendments. Australian Journal of Soil Research 46:437- 444.
[21]. Major, J. (2010). Guidelines on practical aspects of biochar application to field soil in various soil management systems.p.23.(online,http://www.biochar-international.org/ sites/ /files/IBI%20Biochar%20Guidelines_web.pdf.downloaded on 05/05/2020
Mishra, A., Taing, K., Hall, M.W., Shinogi, Y. 2017. Effects of rice husk and rice husk charcoal on soil physicochemical properties, rice growth and yield. Agricultural Sciences 8: 1014-1032.
Amonette, J.E., Joseph, S., 2009. Characteristics of Biochar: Microchemical properties. In: Biochar for Environmental Management: Science and technology. Education Journal 4: 33-52.
Liang, B., Lehmann, J., Solomon, D., Kinyangi, J., Grossman, J., O’Neill, Skjemstad, J. O., Thies, J., Luizao, F.J., Petersen, J., Neves, E.G. 2006. Black carbon increases cation exchange capacity in soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal 70: 1719-1730.
Islami, T., Guritno, B., Basuki, N., Suryanto, A. 2011. Maize yield and associated soil quality changes in cassava + maize intercropping system after 3 years of biochar application. Journal of Agriculture and Food Technology 1: 112-115
Huang, L. and Gu, M. 2019. Effects of Biochar on Container Substrate Properties and Growth of Plants—A Review, Holticulture 5(14):1-25
[27]. Chen, L., Liu, Y., Wu, G., Veronica, N. K., Shen, Q., Zhang, N., Zhang, R. 2016. Induced maize salt tolerance by rhizosphere inoculation of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SQR9. Physiologia Plantarum 158 (1): 34- 44
[28]. Thies, J.E., Rillig, M. 2009. Characteristics of biochar: Biological properties. In: Lehmann, M. and Joseph, S. (editors). Biochar for Environmental Management Science and Technology, London, pp. 85-105.
Akintokun, A.K., Taiwo, M.O., Akintokun, P.O., Obuotor, T.M. 2016. Screening of indigenous plant growth-promoting bacterial strains for enhancing growth of tomato in Nigeria. Journal of Global Agriculture and Ecology 6(2): 127-135.
Kazerooni, E.A., Maharachchikumbura, S.N., Rethinasamy, V., Al-Mahrouqi, H., Al-Sadi, A.M. 2017. Fungal diversity in tomato rhizosphere soil under conventional and desert farming systems. Frontier in Microbiology 8: 1462-1469.
Molohun, K., Melby, J., Lee, J., Evans, B., Dunbar, K., Bumpus, S., Kelleher, N. and Mitcher, D. 2011. Structure determinaation and interception of biosynthetic intermediates for the plantazolicin class of highly discriminating antibiotics. ACS Chemical Biology 6 (12): 1307-1313
Agbna, G.H., Dongli, S., Zhipeng, L., Elshaikh, N.A., Guangcheng, S., Timm, L.C. 2017. Effect of deficit irrigation and biochar addition on the growth, yield and quality of tomato. Scientia Horticulturae 222: 90-106.
Lorn,V., Tanak, H., Bellingrath-Kimura, S.D., Oikawa, Y. 2017. The effects of biochar from rice husk and Chromalaena odorata on the soil properties and growth of tomato in Cambodia. Tropical Agricultural Development 61(3): 99-106.
Elad, Y., Cytryn, E., Harel, Y.M., Lew, B. and Graber, E.R. 2011. The Biochar Effect: Plant Resistance to Biotic Stress. Phytopathologia, Mediterranea 50(3): 335–349.
Khan, H.Z., Malik, M.A. and Saleem, M.F. 2008. Effect of Rate and Source of Organic Material on the Production Potential of Spring Maize (Zea mays L.). Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Science 45(1): 40-43.
Shashi, M. A., Mannan, M., Islam, M. M., Rahman, M. M. 2018. Impact of Rice Husk Biochar on Growth, Water Relations and Yield of Maize (Zea mays L.) under Drought Condition. The Agriculturists 16(2): 93-101(2018)
Thomas, S.C., Frye, S., Gale, N., Garmon, M., Launchbury, R. and Winsborough, C. 2013. Biochar mitigates negative effects of salt additions on two herbaceous plant species. Journal of Environmental Management 129:62-68.
Crane, A., Abiven S., Jeffery S., Torn, M. S. 2013. Heterogeneous global crop yield response to biochar: a metaregression analysis. Environmental Research Letters 8(4): 44-49.
