EFFECT OF THE BOTANICAL PELLETINGS AND STORAGE PERIODS ON THE GERMINATION OF AFRICAN STAR APPLE (CHRYSOPHYLLUM ALBIDUM G. DON) SEEDS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51406/jagse.v17i2.1833Keywords:
Chrysophyllum albidum, Agro-forestry, Seed storage periods, seed germination,Abstract
There is paucity of quantified information on the simple, safe and affordable methods of invigorating seeds and storage of recalcitrant seeds. In this light, investigation was conducted in the screen house of the Federal College of Forestry Mechanization, Afaka, Kaduna on the effect of the botanical pelletings and storage periods of C. albidum seeds. A seed pellet is a coating, usually of clay mixed with other inerts, which streamlines the size, shape, and uniformity of a small, non-round seed. A split-plot experimental design with four (4) replications was laid down to assess the effect of botanical pelletings with the leaves of six agro-forestry tree species (Gliricidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephala, Albizia lebbeck, Acacia auriculiformis, Parkia biglobosa and Dacryodus edulis) and storage periods (0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks) on the germination of C. albidum seeds stored in the refrigerator. The data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA)using SAS (2003)software. The percentage germination of seeds pelletized with G. sepium, L leucocephala, A. lebbeck, A. auriculiformis, P. biglobosa and D. edulis ranged between 18.50%-42.00%, 8.3%-13.60%, 5.2%-18.80%, 3.6% -16.30%, 5.0%-14.30%, and 2.5%-11.10%, for 2-8 weeks respectively. The percentage germination of seeds stored for 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks ranged between 8.50%-21%, 4.70%-24.58%, 9.42%-22.75%, 8.67%-19.58% and 3.33%-8.83% respectively. The percentage germination of seeds pelletized with the leaves of G. sepium, L. leucocephala, A. lebbeck, A. auriculiformis, P. biglobosa and D. edulis and stored for storage periods ranged between 1-65%, 0-30%, 0-30.5%, 1-25%, 0-20% and 0-30%. Botanical pelletings and storage periods significantly (P<0.05) enhanced the germination of C. albidum seeds. Highest germination percentage of 65% was recorded for seeds pelletized with G. sepium leaves and stored for 3 weeks. The research therefore recommends seed pelleting with G. sepium leaves and storage for 3 weeks for mass production of C. albidum seedlings for agro-forestry systems.
References
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Adelani, D.O., Adedire, M.O., Aduradola, A.M., Anamyi, S.E. 2014a. Storability of tropical forest seeds for sustainable development in the world: A review. Biological and Environmental Sciences for the Tropics 11 (1): 38-42
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Adelani, D.O. 2015. Effect of hydro-priming and potassium nitrate priming on the germination of Balanites aegyptiaca. Applied Tropical Agriculture 20 (2): 17-23.
Adelani, D.O., Aduradola, M.A., Maisamari, I.J. 2016. Storability and pre-sowing treatments of Chrysophyllum albidum seeds: A step towards Biodiversity Conservation in Borokini, I.T and Babalola, F.D (eds). MDGsto SDGs: Towards Sustainable, Biodiversity Conservation in Nigeria. Proceedings of Joint Biodiversity Conservation, Conference of Nigeria Tropical Biology Association (NTBA) and Nigeria Chapter of Society for Conservation Biology (NSCB) PP80-86.
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Amusa, N.A., Ashaye, O.A., Oladapo, M.O. 2003. Biodeterioration of African starapple (Chrysophyllum albidum) in storage and the effect on its food value. African Journal of Biotechnology 2:56-59.
Arshadi, J., Asgharipour, M.R. 2011.The Effects of seed size on germination and early seedling growth of pelleted seeds of sugar beet. Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 7(8): 1257-1260.
Bada, S.O. 1997. Preliminary information on the ecology of Chrysophyllum albidum (G. Don) in West and Central Africa in proceedings of National Workshop on the Potentials of the African star apple in Nigeria (eds) Denton DA, Ladipo D.O, Adetoro M.A. and Sarumi M.B. Pp 16-25.
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Black, M.1989. Seed research – past, present and future. In: Taylorson, R.B (Ed) Recent Advances in the Development and Germination of Seeds. Series A, Life Sciences Vol.187, Plenum Press, NY, 295 pp.
Crawford, N. M., Khan, M. L., Leustek, T., Long, S. R. 2000. Nitrogen and sulphur.
In: Biochemistry and Molecular biology of plants, (eds.) Buchanan, B., Gruissem, W. and Jones, R. (Publ.) American Society of Plant Physiologist pp. 786-849.
Denton, L. 1997. Germplasm, collection and strategy for Chrysophyllum albidum. In: Proceedings of a National Workshop on the Potentials of the Chrysophyllum albidum in Nigeria. Gbile, Z. (eds). Pp. 130
Dolor, D. E. 2013. Propagation of Treculia africana as influenced by seed storage and propagation media. Agricultura Tropica et Subtropica, 46/2: 52-57.
Ehiagbonare, J.E., Onyibe, H.I., Okoegwale, E.E. 2008. Studies on the Isolation of normal and abnormal seedlings of Chrysophyllum albidum. A step towards sustainable management of the taxon in the 21st century. Science Research Essay, 3(12): 567-570.
Gatch, E. 2016. Organic seed treatments and coatings. Organic Seed Resource Guide (1):1-6.
Godefroid, S., Vanderborght, T. 2010. Seed banking of endangered plants: are we conserving the right species to address climate change? Biodiversity and Conservation 19(11):3049-3058.
Govinden, S. J., Levantard, M. 2008. Comparative studies of seed priming and Pelleting on percentage and mean time to germination of seeds of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). African Journal of Agricultural Research 3(10):725-731.
Gurunathan, N., Srimathi, P., Paramathma, M., Kumaran, K., Parthiban, K.T. 2006. Seed pelleting for production of quality seeding in Jatropha curcas. Abstr. XII National Seed Seminar, 24-26, Feburary 2006, ANGRAU, Hyderbad. Pp 12.
Halmer, P. 2003. Enhancing seed performance for better yield and quality. Asian Seed Planting Materials 10(2):4-6.
Hilli, A., Tillman-Sutela, E., Kauppi, A. 2003. Germination of pre-treated scotspine seeds after long term storage. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33: 47-53.
ICRAF. 2007. Chrysophyllum albidum International Center for Research in Agroforestry, Kenya. Pp 3
Kamotho, G. N., Mathenge, P.W., Muasya, R. M., Dulloo, M. E. 2013. Effects of packaging and storage conditions on quality of spider plant (Cleome gynandra L.) seeds. African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development, 13(5): 8368- 8387.
Iakovoglou, V. 2005. "Desiccation and nitrous oxide storage effects on the recalcitrant seeds of Quercus alba and Quercus macrocarpa ". Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. Paper 1564:1-169.
Liang, Y., W.Q. Sun. 2000. Desiccation tolerance of recalcitrant Theobroma cacao embryonic axes: the optimal drying rate and its physiological basis. Journal of Experimental Botany 51:1911-1919.
McDonald, M. B. 2004. Orthodox seed deterioration, its repair. In: Benech-Arnold R. L, Sánchez RA (Eds). Handbook of Seed Physiology, Application to Agriculture, Haworth Press, Inc, NY, USA, pp 273-298
Mani, G., Ponnuswamy, A.S and Vanangamudi', K. 1999. Performance of seed pelletization in Acacia leucophloea (Roxb.) under different soil types. "Tropical J\$ticuUumt Research anrf ?xtension. 2(1): 30-32.
Mengel, K., Kirkby. E. A. 2001. Principles of Plant Nutrition. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. p. 833.
Missanjo, E., Kapira, D. 2015.Storage conditions and period effects on quality of Pinuskesiya seeds from Malawi. Scholars Academic Journal of Biosciences (SAJB) 3(3):315-319
Mng’omba ,S. A.,du Toit, E.S., Akinnifesi, F. K. 2007. Germination characteristics of tree seeds: spotlight on Southern African tree species. Tree and Forestry Science and Biotechnology 1(1): 1-8.
Nguyen, T.Q., Hamilton, P., Ziegler, T. 2014. Shinisaurus crocodilurus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014. 2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 30 October 2014.pp5.
Oboh, L.O., Aluyor, E.O., Audu, T.O.K. 2009. Use of Chrysophyllumalbidum for the removal of metal ions from aqueous solution. Scientific Research and Easy4 (6): 632-635.
Onyekwelu, J.C., Stimm, B. 2011.Chrysophyllum albidum. In:Roloff, A; Weisger ber, HLang, U; Stimm, B.(Eds): Enzyklopadieder Holzgewachse, Willey, VCH, Weinheim,59. Erg.Lfg.10/11,12pp
Otegbeye G.O., Owonubi, J.J., Oviasuyi P.K. 2001. Interspecipic variation growth Eucalyptus growing in northern Nigeria in Popoola. L. Abu. J.E and Oni, P.I (eds). Proceedings of 27th Annual Conference of the Forestry Association of Nigeria Pp 12-16.
Patrick, T., Thomas, A., Rutto, L. K. 2016. Effect of seed pelleting on germination and survival of select small seeded species. Virginia Journal of Science 67 (1):4-5.
Rajeeswari, D. B., Kaveriappa, K. M. 2000. Effect of desiccation and temperature on germination and vigour of the seeds, Hopeaparviflora Beddome and Hopea ponga(Dennst.) Mabb. Seed ScienceTechnology28: 497–506.
SAS. 2003. Statistical Analysis System. SAS release 9.1 for windows, SAS Institute Inc.cary,NC, USA.
Schmidt, W. C. 1988. Lodge pole pine: an ecological opportunist. In Proceedings, Symposium: The Management of Lodgepole Pine to Minimize the Losses to the Mountain Pine Beetle (ed. Amman, G.D.), Kalispell, MT, USDA Forest Service GTR-INT-1988, 12–14, July, pp. 14–20.
Scott, J. M 1989. Seed coatings and treatments and their effects on plant establishment. Advances in Agronomy, 42: 43-83.
Smith, R.A. 2014. Plant Nutrients. 1(1): 1-4 http//www/plant nutrient.htm. Accessed on
10/03/2015.
Srimathi, P., Mariappan, N., Sundaramoorthy, L., Paramathma, M. 2013. Effect of organic seed pelleting on seed storability and quality seedling production in biofuel tree species. Journal of Horticulture and Forestry 5(5): 68-73.
Temel, F., Gülcü, S., Ölmez, Z., Göktürk, A. 2011. Germination of Anatolian black pine (Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana) seeds from the Lakes Region of Turkey: Geographic variation and effect of storage. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agro botanici Cluj-Napoca; 39(1): 267-274.
Ugbogu O. C., Akukwe, A. R. 2009. The antimicrobial effect of oils from Pentacle thra macrophylla (Bent), Chrysophyllum albidum (G. Don) and Persea gratissima (Gaerth F) on some local clinical bacterial isolate. African Journal of Biotechnology 8 (2): 285-287.
Umar, T. Gwaram, A. B. 2006. Foliar nutrient contents of four indigenous trees of the sudan savanna. In: Popoola, L. (Eds). Proceedings of 31st Annual Conference of Association of Nigeria 131-139.
Umarani, R., Aadhavan, E. K., Faisal, M. M. 2015. Understanding poor storage potential of recalcitrant seeds. Current science 108(11): 2023-2034
Ureigho, U.N., Ekeke, B.A. 2010. Nutrient value of Chrysophyllum albidum African star apple as a domestic income plantation species. International multi-disciplinary Journal, Ethiopia 4(2): 50-56.
Vijaya Geetha, V., Balamurugan, P. 2011. Organic Seed Pelleting in Mustard.
Research Journal of Seed Science, 4: 174-180.
Woods, J .2014. Report on the Quality Assurance (QA) Results with pelleted seeds of Western redcedar, red alder and paper birch for the years 2010 to 2014. Forest Genetics Council of British Columbia, 1-46pp.
Adegoke, F.F., Ogunwande, O.A., Olaitan, A.O., Agbeje, M.A. 2014. Rooting Potentials of the cuttings of Chrysophyllum albidum as influenced by different rooting hormones at different levels of concentration. Forests and Forest Products: Key to Sustainable Livelihood. In: Adedire, M.O; Onyekwelu, J.C; Oke, D.O; Adekunle, V.A.J. Jayeola, O.A and Oladoye, A.O (Eds). Proceedings of the 4th Biennial National Conference of the Forests and Forest Product Society pp54-56.
Adelani, D.O., Joseph, A. 2014. Storability of Japanese Acacia (Acacia auriculiformis A.cunn. Ex Benth) in Northern Guinea Savannah Ecological Zone of Nigeria. Forest and Forest Product Journal 7:1-10.
Adelani, D.O., Adedire, M.O., Aduradola, A.M., Anamyi, S.E. 2014a. Storability of tropical forest seeds for sustainable development in the world: A review. Biological and Environmental Sciences for the Tropics 11 (1): 38-42
Adelani, D.O., Suleiman, R.A., Aduradola, M.A., Akesode, H.A. 2014b. Assessment of leaf litters of some tree species on the growth of Zea mays (L) in the Northern Guinea Savanna ecology. Journal of Organic Agriculture and Environment 2:117-130.
Adelani, D.O. 2015. Effect of hydro-priming and potassium nitrate priming on the germination of Balanites aegyptiaca. Applied Tropical Agriculture 20 (2): 17-23.
Adelani, D.O., Aduradola, M.A., Maisamari, I.J. 2016. Storability and pre-sowing treatments of Chrysophyllum albidum seeds: A step towards Biodiversity Conservation in Borokini, I.T and Babalola, F.D (eds). MDGsto SDGs: Towards Sustainable, Biodiversity Conservation in Nigeria. Proceedings of Joint Biodiversity Conservation, Conference of Nigeria Tropical Biology Association (NTBA) and Nigeria Chapter of Society for Conservation Biology (NSCB) PP80-86.
Adisa, S.A. 2000. Vitamin C, protein and mineral contents of African star apple (Chrysophyllum albidum) in Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of NI ST (eds) Garba, S.A, IJA-gbone, I.F, Iyagbo, A.O., Iyamu, A.O., Kilani, A.S., Ufaruna Pp.141- 146.
Aduradola, A.M., Adeola, A.O., Adedire, M.O. 2005. Enhancing germination in seeds of Chrysophyllum albidum (G.Don). Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment 3(2): 292-294.
Akinnifesi,F. K., Sileshi, G., Mkonda, A., Ajayi, O.C., Mhango, J., Chilanga, T. 2007. Germplasm supply, propagation and nursery management of Miombofruit trees. In: Akinnifesi, F.K., Sileshi, G., Ajaji, O., Tchoundjeu, Z., and Matakala, P(Eds). Indigenous Fruit Trees in the Tropics: Domestication, Utilization and Commercialization, CABI publishing, UK, chapter 19, pp 341.
Alboresi, A., Gestin, C., Leydecker, M. T., Bedu, M., Meyer, C., Truong, H.N. 2005. Nitrate, a signal relieving seed dormancy in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell and Environment 28: 500-512.
Anandalakshmi, R., V. Sivakumar, R. R. Warrier, R. Parimalam, S. N. Vijayachandran., B. G. Singh. 2005. Seed storage studies in Syzigium cuminii. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 17(4): 566-573.
Amusa, N.A., Ashaye, O.A., Oladapo, M.O. 2003. Biodeterioration of African starapple (Chrysophyllum albidum) in storage and the effect on its food value. African Journal of Biotechnology 2:56-59.
Arshadi, J., Asgharipour, M.R. 2011.The Effects of seed size on germination and early seedling growth of pelleted seeds of sugar beet. Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 7(8): 1257-1260.
Bada, S.O. 1997. Preliminary information on the ecology of Chrysophyllum albidum (G. Don) in West and Central Africa in proceedings of National Workshop on the Potentials of the African star apple in Nigeria (eds) Denton DA, Ladipo D.O, Adetoro M.A. and Sarumi M.B. Pp 16-25.
Berjak, P., Pammenter, N.W. 2004. Recalcitrant Seeds. In: Benech-Arnold R.L, Sánchez, R.A (Eds) Handbook of Seed Physiology, Application to Agriculture, The Haworth Press, Inc, NY, USA, pp 305-345
Bewley, J. D., Black, M. 1983. Physiological and Biochemistry of Seeds in Relation to Germination. (Vol 1) Development, Germination, and Growth, Sprin-ger-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 306 pp.
Black, M.1989. Seed research – past, present and future. In: Taylorson, R.B (Ed) Recent Advances in the Development and Germination of Seeds. Series A, Life Sciences Vol.187, Plenum Press, NY, 295 pp.
Crawford, N. M., Khan, M. L., Leustek, T., Long, S. R. 2000. Nitrogen and sulphur.
In: Biochemistry and Molecular biology of plants, (eds.) Buchanan, B., Gruissem, W. and Jones, R. (Publ.) American Society of Plant Physiologist pp. 786-849.
Denton, L. 1997. Germplasm, collection and strategy for Chrysophyllum albidum. In: Proceedings of a National Workshop on the Potentials of the Chrysophyllum albidum in Nigeria. Gbile, Z. (eds). Pp. 130
Dolor, D. E. 2013. Propagation of Treculia africana as influenced by seed storage and propagation media. Agricultura Tropica et Subtropica, 46/2: 52-57.
Ehiagbonare, J.E., Onyibe, H.I., Okoegwale, E.E. 2008. Studies on the Isolation of normal and abnormal seedlings of Chrysophyllum albidum. A step towards sustainable management of the taxon in the 21st century. Science Research Essay, 3(12): 567-570.
Gatch, E. 2016. Organic seed treatments and coatings. Organic Seed Resource Guide (1):1-6.
Godefroid, S., Vanderborght, T. 2010. Seed banking of endangered plants: are we conserving the right species to address climate change? Biodiversity and Conservation 19(11):3049-3058.
Govinden, S. J., Levantard, M. 2008. Comparative studies of seed priming and Pelleting on percentage and mean time to germination of seeds of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). African Journal of Agricultural Research 3(10):725-731.
Gurunathan, N., Srimathi, P., Paramathma, M., Kumaran, K., Parthiban, K.T. 2006. Seed pelleting for production of quality seeding in Jatropha curcas. Abstr. XII National Seed Seminar, 24-26, Feburary 2006, ANGRAU, Hyderbad. Pp 12.
Halmer, P. 2003. Enhancing seed performance for better yield and quality. Asian Seed Planting Materials 10(2):4-6.
Hilli, A., Tillman-Sutela, E., Kauppi, A. 2003. Germination of pre-treated scotspine seeds after long term storage. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33: 47-53.
ICRAF. 2007. Chrysophyllum albidum International Center for Research in Agroforestry, Kenya. Pp 3
Kamotho, G. N., Mathenge, P.W., Muasya, R. M., Dulloo, M. E. 2013. Effects of packaging and storage conditions on quality of spider plant (Cleome gynandra L.) seeds. African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development, 13(5): 8368- 8387.
Iakovoglou, V. 2005. "Desiccation and nitrous oxide storage effects on the recalcitrant seeds of Quercus alba and Quercus macrocarpa ". Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. Paper 1564:1-169.
Liang, Y., W.Q. Sun. 2000. Desiccation tolerance of recalcitrant Theobroma cacao embryonic axes: the optimal drying rate and its physiological basis. Journal of Experimental Botany 51:1911-1919.
McDonald, M. B. 2004. Orthodox seed deterioration, its repair. In: Benech-Arnold R. L, Sánchez RA (Eds). Handbook of Seed Physiology, Application to Agriculture, Haworth Press, Inc, NY, USA, pp 273-298
Mani, G., Ponnuswamy, A.S and Vanangamudi', K. 1999. Performance of seed pelletization in Acacia leucophloea (Roxb.) under different soil types. "Tropical J\$ticuUumt Research anrf ?xtension. 2(1): 30-32.
Mengel, K., Kirkby. E. A. 2001. Principles of Plant Nutrition. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. p. 833.
Missanjo, E., Kapira, D. 2015.Storage conditions and period effects on quality of Pinuskesiya seeds from Malawi. Scholars Academic Journal of Biosciences (SAJB) 3(3):315-319
Mng’omba ,S. A.,du Toit, E.S., Akinnifesi, F. K. 2007. Germination characteristics of tree seeds: spotlight on Southern African tree species. Tree and Forestry Science and Biotechnology 1(1): 1-8.
Nguyen, T.Q., Hamilton, P., Ziegler, T. 2014. Shinisaurus crocodilurus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014. 2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 30 October 2014.pp5.
Oboh, L.O., Aluyor, E.O., Audu, T.O.K. 2009. Use of Chrysophyllumalbidum for the removal of metal ions from aqueous solution. Scientific Research and Easy4 (6): 632-635.
Onyekwelu, J.C., Stimm, B. 2011.Chrysophyllum albidum. In:Roloff, A; Weisger ber, HLang, U; Stimm, B.(Eds): Enzyklopadieder Holzgewachse, Willey, VCH, Weinheim,59. Erg.Lfg.10/11,12pp
Otegbeye G.O., Owonubi, J.J., Oviasuyi P.K. 2001. Interspecipic variation growth Eucalyptus growing in northern Nigeria in Popoola. L. Abu. J.E and Oni, P.I (eds). Proceedings of 27th Annual Conference of the Forestry Association of Nigeria Pp 12-16.
Patrick, T., Thomas, A., Rutto, L. K. 2016. Effect of seed pelleting on germination and survival of select small seeded species. Virginia Journal of Science 67 (1):4-5.
Rajeeswari, D. B., Kaveriappa, K. M. 2000. Effect of desiccation and temperature on germination and vigour of the seeds, Hopeaparviflora Beddome and Hopea ponga(Dennst.) Mabb. Seed ScienceTechnology28: 497–506.
SAS. 2003. Statistical Analysis System. SAS release 9.1 for windows, SAS Institute Inc.cary,NC, USA.
Schmidt, W. C. 1988. Lodge pole pine: an ecological opportunist. In Proceedings, Symposium: The Management of Lodgepole Pine to Minimize the Losses to the Mountain Pine Beetle (ed. Amman, G.D.), Kalispell, MT, USDA Forest Service GTR-INT-1988, 12–14, July, pp. 14–20.
Scott, J. M 1989. Seed coatings and treatments and their effects on plant establishment. Advances in Agronomy, 42: 43-83.
Smith, R.A. 2014. Plant Nutrients. 1(1): 1-4 http//www/plant nutrient.htm. Accessed on
10/03/2015.
Srimathi, P., Mariappan, N., Sundaramoorthy, L., Paramathma, M. 2013. Effect of organic seed pelleting on seed storability and quality seedling production in biofuel tree species. Journal of Horticulture and Forestry 5(5): 68-73.
Temel, F., Gülcü, S., Ölmez, Z., Göktürk, A. 2011. Germination of Anatolian black pine (Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana) seeds from the Lakes Region of Turkey: Geographic variation and effect of storage. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agro botanici Cluj-Napoca; 39(1): 267-274.
Ugbogu O. C., Akukwe, A. R. 2009. The antimicrobial effect of oils from Pentacle thra macrophylla (Bent), Chrysophyllum albidum (G. Don) and Persea gratissima (Gaerth F) on some local clinical bacterial isolate. African Journal of Biotechnology 8 (2): 285-287.
Umar, T. Gwaram, A. B. 2006. Foliar nutrient contents of four indigenous trees of the sudan savanna. In: Popoola, L. (Eds). Proceedings of 31st Annual Conference of Association of Nigeria 131-139.
Umarani, R., Aadhavan, E. K., Faisal, M. M. 2015. Understanding poor storage potential of recalcitrant seeds. Current science 108(11): 2023-2034
Ureigho, U.N., Ekeke, B.A. 2010. Nutrient value of Chrysophyllum albidum African star apple as a domestic income plantation species. International multi-disciplinary Journal, Ethiopia 4(2): 50-56.
Vijaya Geetha, V., Balamurugan, P. 2011. Organic Seed Pelleting in Mustard.
Research Journal of Seed Science, 4: 174-180.
Woods, J .2014. Report on the Quality Assurance (QA) Results with pelleted seeds of Western redcedar, red alder and paper birch for the years 2010 to 2014. Forest Genetics Council of British Columbia, 1-46pp.
