EVALUATION OF SELECTED LEAVES OF TREES AND FOLIAGE OF SHRUBS AS FODDER IN RUMINANT PRODUCTION
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51406/jagse.v10i2.1095Keywords:
Ruminant, fodder, tree, shrub, chemical composition, in vitro digestibilityAbstract
The potentials of selected leaves of trees and foliage of shrubs as fodder in ruminant production systemwere evaluated using chemical composition and in vitro dry matter digestibility as indices. Theselected trees were Enterolobium cyclocarpum, Leucaena leucocephala, Moringa oleifera, Gliricidiasepium, Pterocarpus santalinoides, and Millettia grifoniana, and shrubs were Stylosanthes scabra,Tephrosia bracteolata and Lablab purpureus. The results showed that the chemical compositions ofleaves of trees and foliage of shrubs varied significantly (p<0.05) among species. The crude protein(CP) content of the tree leaves ranged from 15.20 to 25.43% for Pterocarpus santalinoides and Moringaoleifera leaves, respectively, while CP in foliage of shrubs ranged from 21.63 and 26.67% forStylosanthes scabra, and Lablab purpureus, respectively. The in vitro dry matter digestibilities of theseleaves also varied significantly (p<0.05) with the selected trees ranging from 40.80 to 74.75% for Millettiagrifoniana and Gliricidia sepium, respectively while shrubs ranged from 50.35 to 61.24% for Stylosanthesscabra, and Lablab purpureus, respectively. Results indicated that these forages are highlydigestible and their inherent nutrients are higher than the range recommended for maintenance inruminant production. These fodders can be fed as supplements to low protein forage and can alleviatefeed shortages experienced for ruminants in dry season.References
Akbar, M.A., Gupta, P.C. 1985. Leucaena
leucocephala as a source of proteins supplement
for buffalo calves. Indian Journal of Animal
Science, 54: 731-735.
AOAC 1995. Association of Analytical
Chemist. Official Methods of Analysis, 15th
edition. Washington, D.C., USA, 69-88.
Arigbede, O.M., Anele, U.Y., Olanite,
J.A., Adekunle, I.O., Jolaosho, O.A.,
Onifade, O.S. 2006. Seasonal in-vitro gas
production parameters of three multipurpose
tree species in Abeokuta, Nigeria.
Livestock Research for Rural Development,
18(10).
Babayemi, O.J., Bamikole, M.A. 2006.
Supplementary value of Tephrosia bracteolate,
Leucaena leucocephala, and Gliricidia sepium hay
for West African Dwarf goats kept on
Range. Journal Central European Agriculture,
7(2): 323-328.
Bawala, T.O., Akinsoyinu, A.O., Folorunso,
O.R. 2006. Nutritional evaluation of
varying proportions of Gliricidia sepium and
Ficus thonningii in the diets of young West
African dwarf goats. Nigerian Journal for Animal
Production, 33(1): 112-117.
Bhadauria, K.K.S., Pailan, G.H., Das,
M.M., Kundu, S.S., Singh, J.P., Lodhi
G.N. 2002. Evaluation of shrubs and tree
leaves for carbohydrate and protein fractions.
Indian Journal of Animal Sciences,
72: 87-90.
Carew, B.A.R. 1983. Gliricidia sepium as sole
feed for small ruminants. Tropical Grassland,
17(4): 181-183.
Das, A., Ghosh, S.K. 2001. Nutritive value
of jack fruit tree leaves for goats. Indian Journal
of Animal Nutrition 18: 185-186.
Duncan, D.B. 1955. New Multiple Range
Test. Biometrics 11: 1- 42.
El-Shatnawi, M.K., Mohawesh, Y.M.
2000. Seasonal chemical composition of saltbush
in semiarid grassland of Jordan. Journal
of Range Management, 53: 211-214.
Fasae, O.A., Akintola, O.S, Sorunke,
O.S., Adu, I.F. 2006. Replacement value of
Cassava foliage for Gliricidia sepium leaves in
the diets of goat. Book of Abstracts, Annual
Scientific Conference, Nutrition Society of Nigeria,
held at June 12 Cultural Centre, Abeokuta 8th-11th
November, 2006. (Fanimo, A.O., Oguntona,
C.R.B., Alegbeleye, W.O., Onabanjo, O. O.
and Agbon, C.A. eds.) p. 69.
Fasae, O.A., Akinniyi, O.T, Oladejo,
A.E., Elemo, K.A. 2010. Biomass yield,
chemical composition and in vitro digestibility
of maize leaves defoliated at different times.
Nigerian Journal for Animal Production,
37(2): 109-116.
Gatenby, R.M. 2002. Sheep. Revised edition.
Tropical Agriculturalist. Macmillan
Educational Ltd., London, U.K. p.8.
Getachew, G., Makkar, H.P.S., Becker,
K. 2000. Effect of Polyethylene glycol on invitro
degradability of nitrogen and microbial
protein synthesis from tannin-rich browse
and herbaceous legumes. British Journal of Nutrition,
84: 73-83.
Karabulut, A., Canbolat, O., Ozkan,
C.O., Kamalak, A. 2006. Potential nutritive
value of some Mediterranean shrub and
tree leaves as emergency food for sheep in
winter. Livestock Research for Rural Development
18:6.
Larbi, A., Osakwe, I.I., Lambourne,
J.W. 1993. Variation in relative palatability
to sheep among Gliricidia sepium provenances.
Agroforestry Systems, 22: 221-224.
Makkar, H.P.S. 2003. Quantification of
tannins in tree and shrub foliage. In: Makkar
H.P. S. (Editor) A Laboratory Manual.
Kluwer Academic Publishers, P. 102.
Matlebyane, M.M. 2005. Relationship between
chemical composition, in vitro digestibility
and locally based feeding value rankings
and medicinal use of some common
forages for ruminant livestock in three area
of the Capricon of limpopo Province,
South Africa. M.Sc. Dissertation, School of
Agricultural and Environmental Sciences,
Faculty of Sciences, Health and Agriculture.
University of Limpopo, South Africa.108p.
Mba, A.U., Manigui, S.A., Awah, A.A.
1981. Influence of concentrate supplementation
with browse plant (Gliricidia sepium)
on nutrient utilization and growth of the
West African Dwarf kids. Nigerian Journal of
Animal Production, 9(2): 63-73.
Meuret, M., Boza, J., Narjisse, N., Nastis,
A. 1990. Evaluation and utilization of
range land feeds by goats. In: Morand –
Fehr P. (Editor). Goat Nutrition, PUDOC.
Wageningen , The Netherlands, P. 161- 170.
Minson, D.J. 1990. Forage in Ruminant
Nutrition. Academic Press Inc. San Diego,
CA, USA.
Murdiati, T.B., McSweeney, C.S., Lowry,
J.B. 2005. Metabolism in sheep of gallic acid,
tannic acid and hydrolysable tannin from
Terminalia oblongata. Australian Journal of Agricultural
Research, 2: 34.
Norton, B.W. 1994. The nutritive value of
tree legumes. In: Gutteridge, R.C and H.M
Shelton (eds.). Forage tree legumes in tropical
Agriculture.
Nouala, F.S. 2004. The comparison of
plant cell wall degrading community in the
rumen of N'Dama and N'Dama X Jersey
crossbred cattle in relation to in-vitro and invitro
cell wall degradation, Ph.D. Thesis, University
of Hohenheim, Institute 480.
Odeyinka, S.M. 2001. Effect of feeding
varying levels of Leucaena leucocephala and
Gliricidia sepium on the performance of West
African Dwarf goats. Nigerian Journal for Animal
Production, 28(1): 61-64.
Oni, A.O., Onwuka, C.F.I., Oduguwa,
O.O., Onifade, O.S. Arigbede, O.M.
2008. Utilization of citrus pulp based diets
and Enterolobium cyclocarpum (JACQ.
GRISEB) foliage by West African dwarf
goats. Livestock Science, 117(2-3): 184-191.
Oyedele, O.J, Adeleke, T.O, Odeyinka,
S.M., Odedire, J.A. 2008. Reproduction
performance of rabbit fed Moringa oleifera as a
replacement for Centrosema pubescens. Department
of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture,
Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife,
Nigeria.
Umunna, N.N., Osuji, P.O., Nsahlai,
I.V., Khalili, M.A., Mohammed- Saleem,
M.A. 1995. Effect of supplementing oat hay
with lablab, sesbania, tagasate or wheat middlings
on voluntary intake, N utilization andweight gain of Ethiopia Menz sheep. Small
Ruminant Research, 18: 113- 120.
Reddy, D.V. 2006. Production of forage in
the Indian context In: Fodder Production
and Grassland Management for Veterinarians.
Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt.
Ltd. New Delhi. P. 453.
Reddy, D.V., Elanchezhian, N. 2008.
Evaluation of tropical tree leaves as ruminant
feedstuff based on cell contents, cell
wall fractions and polyphenolic compounds.
Livestock Research for Rural Development,
20: 5.
Rubanza, C.D.K., Shem, M.N., Otsyina
R., Bakengesa, S.S., Ichinohe, T., Fujihara,
T. 2005. Polyphenolics and tannins
effect on in vitro digestibility of selected
Acacia species leaves. Animal Feed Science and
Technology, 119: 129-142.
SAS (Statistical Analysis system). 1999.
SAS User’s guide: SAS Institute Inc., Cary
North Carolina, USA.
Sarwatt, S.V, Milangha, M.S, Lekule,
F.P., Madalla, N. 2004. Moringa oleifera and
cotton seed cake as supplements for smallholder
dairy cows fed Napier grass. Livestock
Research for Rural Development, 16: 38.
Senani, S., Rai, R.B., Saha, S.K., Padhi,
M.K., 1997. Nutritive value of Gliricidia
for goats. Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition,
14: 286-287.
Shelton, H.M., Brewbaker, J.L. 1994.
Leucaena leucocephala - the most widely used
forage tree legume. In: Forage tree legumes
in Tropical Agriculture. (Editors: Gutteridge
R C and Shelton H M). PP.15-30. CAB International,
Wallingford, U.K.
Tilley, J.M.A., Terry, R.A. 1963. A two
stage technique of in vitro digestibility of
forages. Journal of the British Grassland Society,
18: 104-111.
Van, D.T.T., Mui, N.T., Ledin, I. 2005.
Tropical foliages: effect of presentation
method and species on intake by goats. Animal
Feed Science and Technology, 118: 1-17.
Van Soest, P.J., Robertson, J.B., Lewis,
B.A. 1994. Methods for dietary fibre, neutral
detergent and non starch polysaccharides in
relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci.,
74: 3583 – 3597
Yusuf, A.O. 2009. In vitro and in vivo evaluation
of the potentials of some browse plants
fed to ruminants. M. Agric. Thesis, Department
of Animal Nutrition, University of Agriculture,
Abeokuta, Nigeria. P. 19-30.
leucocephala as a source of proteins supplement
for buffalo calves. Indian Journal of Animal
Science, 54: 731-735.
AOAC 1995. Association of Analytical
Chemist. Official Methods of Analysis, 15th
edition. Washington, D.C., USA, 69-88.
Arigbede, O.M., Anele, U.Y., Olanite,
J.A., Adekunle, I.O., Jolaosho, O.A.,
Onifade, O.S. 2006. Seasonal in-vitro gas
production parameters of three multipurpose
tree species in Abeokuta, Nigeria.
Livestock Research for Rural Development,
18(10).
Babayemi, O.J., Bamikole, M.A. 2006.
Supplementary value of Tephrosia bracteolate,
Leucaena leucocephala, and Gliricidia sepium hay
for West African Dwarf goats kept on
Range. Journal Central European Agriculture,
7(2): 323-328.
Bawala, T.O., Akinsoyinu, A.O., Folorunso,
O.R. 2006. Nutritional evaluation of
varying proportions of Gliricidia sepium and
Ficus thonningii in the diets of young West
African dwarf goats. Nigerian Journal for Animal
Production, 33(1): 112-117.
Bhadauria, K.K.S., Pailan, G.H., Das,
M.M., Kundu, S.S., Singh, J.P., Lodhi
G.N. 2002. Evaluation of shrubs and tree
leaves for carbohydrate and protein fractions.
Indian Journal of Animal Sciences,
72: 87-90.
Carew, B.A.R. 1983. Gliricidia sepium as sole
feed for small ruminants. Tropical Grassland,
17(4): 181-183.
Das, A., Ghosh, S.K. 2001. Nutritive value
of jack fruit tree leaves for goats. Indian Journal
of Animal Nutrition 18: 185-186.
Duncan, D.B. 1955. New Multiple Range
Test. Biometrics 11: 1- 42.
El-Shatnawi, M.K., Mohawesh, Y.M.
2000. Seasonal chemical composition of saltbush
in semiarid grassland of Jordan. Journal
of Range Management, 53: 211-214.
Fasae, O.A., Akintola, O.S, Sorunke,
O.S., Adu, I.F. 2006. Replacement value of
Cassava foliage for Gliricidia sepium leaves in
the diets of goat. Book of Abstracts, Annual
Scientific Conference, Nutrition Society of Nigeria,
held at June 12 Cultural Centre, Abeokuta 8th-11th
November, 2006. (Fanimo, A.O., Oguntona,
C.R.B., Alegbeleye, W.O., Onabanjo, O. O.
and Agbon, C.A. eds.) p. 69.
Fasae, O.A., Akinniyi, O.T, Oladejo,
A.E., Elemo, K.A. 2010. Biomass yield,
chemical composition and in vitro digestibility
of maize leaves defoliated at different times.
Nigerian Journal for Animal Production,
37(2): 109-116.
Gatenby, R.M. 2002. Sheep. Revised edition.
Tropical Agriculturalist. Macmillan
Educational Ltd., London, U.K. p.8.
Getachew, G., Makkar, H.P.S., Becker,
K. 2000. Effect of Polyethylene glycol on invitro
degradability of nitrogen and microbial
protein synthesis from tannin-rich browse
and herbaceous legumes. British Journal of Nutrition,
84: 73-83.
Karabulut, A., Canbolat, O., Ozkan,
C.O., Kamalak, A. 2006. Potential nutritive
value of some Mediterranean shrub and
tree leaves as emergency food for sheep in
winter. Livestock Research for Rural Development
18:6.
Larbi, A., Osakwe, I.I., Lambourne,
J.W. 1993. Variation in relative palatability
to sheep among Gliricidia sepium provenances.
Agroforestry Systems, 22: 221-224.
Makkar, H.P.S. 2003. Quantification of
tannins in tree and shrub foliage. In: Makkar
H.P. S. (Editor) A Laboratory Manual.
Kluwer Academic Publishers, P. 102.
Matlebyane, M.M. 2005. Relationship between
chemical composition, in vitro digestibility
and locally based feeding value rankings
and medicinal use of some common
forages for ruminant livestock in three area
of the Capricon of limpopo Province,
South Africa. M.Sc. Dissertation, School of
Agricultural and Environmental Sciences,
Faculty of Sciences, Health and Agriculture.
University of Limpopo, South Africa.108p.
Mba, A.U., Manigui, S.A., Awah, A.A.
1981. Influence of concentrate supplementation
with browse plant (Gliricidia sepium)
on nutrient utilization and growth of the
West African Dwarf kids. Nigerian Journal of
Animal Production, 9(2): 63-73.
Meuret, M., Boza, J., Narjisse, N., Nastis,
A. 1990. Evaluation and utilization of
range land feeds by goats. In: Morand –
Fehr P. (Editor). Goat Nutrition, PUDOC.
Wageningen , The Netherlands, P. 161- 170.
Minson, D.J. 1990. Forage in Ruminant
Nutrition. Academic Press Inc. San Diego,
CA, USA.
Murdiati, T.B., McSweeney, C.S., Lowry,
J.B. 2005. Metabolism in sheep of gallic acid,
tannic acid and hydrolysable tannin from
Terminalia oblongata. Australian Journal of Agricultural
Research, 2: 34.
Norton, B.W. 1994. The nutritive value of
tree legumes. In: Gutteridge, R.C and H.M
Shelton (eds.). Forage tree legumes in tropical
Agriculture.
Nouala, F.S. 2004. The comparison of
plant cell wall degrading community in the
rumen of N'Dama and N'Dama X Jersey
crossbred cattle in relation to in-vitro and invitro
cell wall degradation, Ph.D. Thesis, University
of Hohenheim, Institute 480.
Odeyinka, S.M. 2001. Effect of feeding
varying levels of Leucaena leucocephala and
Gliricidia sepium on the performance of West
African Dwarf goats. Nigerian Journal for Animal
Production, 28(1): 61-64.
Oni, A.O., Onwuka, C.F.I., Oduguwa,
O.O., Onifade, O.S. Arigbede, O.M.
2008. Utilization of citrus pulp based diets
and Enterolobium cyclocarpum (JACQ.
GRISEB) foliage by West African dwarf
goats. Livestock Science, 117(2-3): 184-191.
Oyedele, O.J, Adeleke, T.O, Odeyinka,
S.M., Odedire, J.A. 2008. Reproduction
performance of rabbit fed Moringa oleifera as a
replacement for Centrosema pubescens. Department
of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture,
Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife,
Nigeria.
Umunna, N.N., Osuji, P.O., Nsahlai,
I.V., Khalili, M.A., Mohammed- Saleem,
M.A. 1995. Effect of supplementing oat hay
with lablab, sesbania, tagasate or wheat middlings
on voluntary intake, N utilization andweight gain of Ethiopia Menz sheep. Small
Ruminant Research, 18: 113- 120.
Reddy, D.V. 2006. Production of forage in
the Indian context In: Fodder Production
and Grassland Management for Veterinarians.
Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt.
Ltd. New Delhi. P. 453.
Reddy, D.V., Elanchezhian, N. 2008.
Evaluation of tropical tree leaves as ruminant
feedstuff based on cell contents, cell
wall fractions and polyphenolic compounds.
Livestock Research for Rural Development,
20: 5.
Rubanza, C.D.K., Shem, M.N., Otsyina
R., Bakengesa, S.S., Ichinohe, T., Fujihara,
T. 2005. Polyphenolics and tannins
effect on in vitro digestibility of selected
Acacia species leaves. Animal Feed Science and
Technology, 119: 129-142.
SAS (Statistical Analysis system). 1999.
SAS User’s guide: SAS Institute Inc., Cary
North Carolina, USA.
Sarwatt, S.V, Milangha, M.S, Lekule,
F.P., Madalla, N. 2004. Moringa oleifera and
cotton seed cake as supplements for smallholder
dairy cows fed Napier grass. Livestock
Research for Rural Development, 16: 38.
Senani, S., Rai, R.B., Saha, S.K., Padhi,
M.K., 1997. Nutritive value of Gliricidia
for goats. Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition,
14: 286-287.
Shelton, H.M., Brewbaker, J.L. 1994.
Leucaena leucocephala - the most widely used
forage tree legume. In: Forage tree legumes
in Tropical Agriculture. (Editors: Gutteridge
R C and Shelton H M). PP.15-30. CAB International,
Wallingford, U.K.
Tilley, J.M.A., Terry, R.A. 1963. A two
stage technique of in vitro digestibility of
forages. Journal of the British Grassland Society,
18: 104-111.
Van, D.T.T., Mui, N.T., Ledin, I. 2005.
Tropical foliages: effect of presentation
method and species on intake by goats. Animal
Feed Science and Technology, 118: 1-17.
Van Soest, P.J., Robertson, J.B., Lewis,
B.A. 1994. Methods for dietary fibre, neutral
detergent and non starch polysaccharides in
relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci.,
74: 3583 – 3597
Yusuf, A.O. 2009. In vitro and in vivo evaluation
of the potentials of some browse plants
fed to ruminants. M. Agric. Thesis, Department
of Animal Nutrition, University of Agriculture,
Abeokuta, Nigeria. P. 19-30.
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