HEAVY METALS IN THE MYONEMATIC, HEPATIC AND RENAL TISSUES OF THE AFRICAN CAT FISH (Clarias gariepinus) FROM OGBA RIVER, BENIN CITY, NIGERIA.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51406/jagse.v13i1.1211Keywords:
Heavy metals, Clarias gariepinus, Ogba river, Benin City, NigeriaAbstract
The concentrations of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu, Cr and As) in the myonematic, hepatic and renal tissues of the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) from Ogba river, Benin City, Nigeria, were determined using a Unicam 929 series atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The concentrations of the aforementioned metals were also determined in water. The mean concentration of Pb ranged from 0.19mg/kg (muscle) to 0.39mg/kg (liver) while the mean concentration of Cd ranged from 0.03mg/kg (muscle) to 0.09mg/kg (liver). The mean concentration of Zn ranged from 0.09mg/kg( muscle) to 0.33mg/kg (liver) while the mean concentration of Cu ranged from 0.23mg/kg (muscle) to 0.76mg/kg(liver). The mean concentration of Cr ranged from 0.19mg/kg (muscle) to 0.41mg/kg (liver) while the mean concentration of As ranged from 0.36mg/kg (kidney) to 0.54mg/kg (muscle). The mean concentrations of the heavy metals in water were Pb(0.09mg/l), Cd(0.04mg/l), Zn(0.01mg/l), Cu(0.53mg/l), Cr(0.38mg/l) and As(0.59mg/l). With the exception of Cu, the mean concentrations of the heavy metals in water were generally above the World Health Organization (WHO) maximum allowable limit for the respective metals in drinking water implying that water from the river is unfit for human consumption owing to heavy metal contamination. The mean concentrations of Cr and As exceeded the WHO maximum allowable limits for fish food. The direct implication of this finding is that people who consume fish from the river are liable to potential health hazards resulting from Cr and As contamination.
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Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) 2000. Toxicological profile for chromium. U.S. Department of Health and Human Service, Public Health service. (6-9): 95-134
Akan, J.C., Abdulrahman, F.I., Sodipo O.A, Ochanya, A.E., Ashira, V.U. 2010. Heavy metals in sediments from river Ngada, Maiduguri Metropolis, Bornu State, Nigeria Journal of Environmental Chemistry Ecotoxicology 2(9): 131-140
Allen, P. 1995. Chronic accumulation of cadmium in the edible tissues of Oreochromis aureus: Modification by mercury and lead. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 29: 8-14
Ashiru, O. 2012. Reproductive health series with Professor Oladapo Ashiru, Vanguard Newspaper, September 2, 2012, p.11.
Bryan, G., Langston, W.J. 1992. Bioavailability accumulation and effects of heavy metals in sediments with special reference to United Kingdom estuaries: A review. Environmental Pollution 76:89-131
Canli, M. 1996. Effects of mercury, chromium and nickel on glycogen reserves and protein levels in tissues of Cyprinus carpio. Turkish Journal of zoology20:161-168
Douben, P.E.T. 1989. Metabolic rate and uptake and loss of cadmium from food by the fish Noemacheilus barbaratus. Environmental Pollution 59:177-202
Ekeanyawu, C.R., Ogbuinyi, C.A., Etienajirhavwe O.F. 2011. Trace metal distribution in fish tissue, bottom sediment and water from Okumeshi river, Delta state, Nigeria. Environmental Research Journal 5(1):6-10.
Fagbenro, O.A., Balogun; A. M. Eyo, A.A. 2000. Whole body amino acid composition and dietary. Lysine requirement of Clarias gariepinus and Clarias anguillaris. Journal of Agriculture, Forestry and fisheries 1:35-40
Fonge, B.A., Tening A.S., Egbe A.E., Awo E.M., Focho, D.A., Oben, P.M., Asongwe G.A. Zoneziwoh, N.M. 2011. Fish (Arius hendelotii valenciennes, 1840) as bioindicators of heavy metals in Doula Estuary of Cameroun. African journal of biotechnology 10(73): 16581-16588
Grobler, E., Du Perez, H.H., Van Vuren, J.H.J. 1989. Toxic effects of Zn and Fe on the routine Oxygen consumption of Tilapia Sparrmanii. Comparative Biochemistry and
Physiology 94(1): 207-214.
Heath, A.G. 1987. Water pollution and fish physiology. CRC Press. 245 pp. Florida, U.S.A.
Mance, G. 1987. Pollution threat of heavy metals in aquatic environments. Elsevier applied science, 209 pp.
Mazon, A.F., Fernandes, M.N. 1999. Toxicity and differential tissue accumulation of copper in the tropical freshwater fish, Prochilodus scrofa. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 63:797-804.
Monteiro, E., Pinheiro, G.H.D, ernandez M.N. 2002. Hematological and physiological changes induced by short-term exposure to copper in the fresh water fish
Prochilodus scrofa. Braz. Journal of Biology 62(4): 1-14.
Mustafa, K. 2000. Elimination of essential (Cu, Zn) and non-essential (Cd, Pb) metals from tissues of a freshwater fish, Tilapia zilli. Turkish Journal of Zoology 24:429-436.
Obasohan, E.E., Oronsaye, J.A.O. Obano, E.E. 2006. Heavy metal concentrations in Malapterurus electricus and Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus from Ogba river in Benin City, Nigeria. African Journal of
Biotechnology 5(10): 974-982.
Omoigberale, M.O. Ogbeibu A.E. 2005. Assessing the environmental impacts of oil exploration and production on the Osse river, southern Nigeria. African Journal of
Environmental Pollution and health. 4(1):27-32
Oronsaye, J.A.O, Obano, E.E. 2000. The uptake and loss of dissolved copper by Clarias angularis fingerlings. Park. J. Sci. Ind. Res. 43(6): 359-362.
Oronsaye, J.A.O, Wangboje O.M. Oguzie, F.A. 2011. The potential ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in Ogba river, Benin City, Nigeria. Bioscience Research Journal. 23(3):175-183.
Ottaway, J.H. 1978. The biochemistry of pollution. Comelot press, London. p.231
Oyewo, E.O., Don-Pedro, H.N. 2003. Lethal and sub-lethal effects of copper to the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). West African Journal Applied Ecology 4:115-123.
Parker, C.R. 1972. Water analysis by Atomic Absorption spectroscopy. Varian techtron. Ltd., Australia.
Peakall, D., Burger, J. 2003. Methodologies for assessing exposure to metals; Speciation bioavailability of metals and ecological host factors. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 56:110-121
Pizzaro,I., Gomez, M., Camara, C., Palacios, M.A. 2003. Arsenic speciation in environmental and biological samples. Extraction and stability studies. Analytical Chemistry 495:85-98
Riisgard, H.U., Kloboe T., Mohlenberg. F., Drabaea, I., Pheiffer, M.P. 1985. Accumulation, elimination and chemical speciation of mercury in the bivalve Mytilus edulis and Macoma balthica. Mar. Biol. 86:55-62
Roberts, J. 1978. Fish pathology. Railliere-Tindall publishers, London, 360pp
Sanders, M.J., Dupreez, D.U. Van Vuren J.H.J. 1997. Monitoring Cd and Zn contamination in freshwater systems with the use of the freshwater river crab, Potamonautes warreni. http://www. wrc. org.za/ wrcpublications/ wrcwatersa/wsa.pdf
Senarathne, P. and Pathiratne, O. 2007. Accumulation of heavy metals in a food fish mystus gulio inhabiting Bolgoda lake, Sri lanka. Sri lanka Journal of Aquatic Science 12:61-75.
Shah, S.L. 2005. Effects of heavy metal accumulation on the 96-h LC 50 Values in Tench (Tinca Tinca). Turk. Journal of Vet. Anim. Science 29: 139-144
Streedevi, P., Suresh, A., Siraramakrishna, B and Rdhakrishalah, K. 1992. Bioaccumulation of Ni in the organ of the freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio and the freshwater mussel Lameladens marginalis under lethal and sub-lethal nickel stress. Chemosphere 24(1): 29-36)
United States Department of Agriculture, (USDA) 2001. Natural Resource, Conservation Services. Soil quality institute/Urban Technical note, USDA, New York.
Wangboje, O.M. and Oronsaye, J.A.O. 2012. Investigation of trace metals in tissue s of a freshwater fish (Crysichthys nigrodigitatus) from the Ikpoba river dam, Benin City, Nigeria. Animal Research International 9(1): 1506-1514
Wogu, M.D. and Okaka, C.E. 2011. Pollution studies on Nigerian rivers: heavy metals in surface water of Warri river, Delta State. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Science 1(3):7-12
World Health Organization (WHO) 2004.Guidelines for drinking water quality. Third edition volume 1. Recommendations. WHO, Genevmna.
