Journal of Natural Sciences Engineering and Technology

HEPATOPROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF TRIDAX PROCUMBENS LINN. AGAINST PARACETAMOL-INDUCED HEPATOTOXIC RATS BY INHIBITING INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE

O. G. AKINTUNDE — 2025-07-11

ABSTRACT

Paracetamol (PCM) overdose has been associated with hepatotoxicity. Medicinal plants such as Tridax procumbens L. (TP) may be used to relief PCM hepatotoxicity. This study evaluated the hepatoprotective effects of TP against PCM-induced hepatotoxic rats by inhibiting inflammatory response. Twenty-four rats were used for this study, randomly distributed into six groups with four rats per group: Group A received no treatment; Group B received 300 mg/kg PCM; Group C received 50 mg/kg Silymarin; Groups D, E and F received 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg of TP respectively for 8 days. Groups C to F were treated with 300 mg/kg PCM on 9^th and 10^thday. The live body weight of all the rats were taken at 11^th days. Blood samples were collected into plain sample bottles from all rats. Rats were sacrificed and livers were harvested, weighed and later soaked in formalin for histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis. Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were analyzed using Randox kits. Immunohistochemical techniques were used to determine Cytochrome P450 (CYT P450) and Tumour necrotic factor-α (TNF-α) antigen–antibody reactions in the hepatocytes of rat. Data were statistically analyzed with graph pad prism 5.0 using Tukey post doc test. There were decreased live body and live body-liver weight ratio, AST, ALT and ALP of rats treated with 200 and 400 mg/kg TP compared with rats treated with PCM. Reduced necrosis and inflammatory infiltrate were observed in liver of TP-treated groups. Immunohistochemical analysis showed reduced expression of inflammatory markers with CYT P450 and TNF-α in liver tissues of TP-treated rats, thus establishing the fact that TP may have hepatoprotective effects. It can therefore be inferred that TP can be incorporated into herbal preparation as a hepatoprotective medicinal plant for livestock production.

DETERMINANTS OF RISK MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES AND HOUSEHOLD INCOME SOURCES AMONG RICE FARMERS IN KEBBI AND EBONYI STATES, NIGERIA

A. I. DAVID — 2025-07-11

Smallholder farmers in rural Nigeria are usually confronted with agricultural risks which necessitate livelihood diversification. This study was conducted to determine risk management strategies and household income sources, and effects of farmers’ attributes on the agricultural risks’ sources and risk coping strategies. The study examined rice production in Nigeria, with reference to Kebbi and Ebonyi States where rice production is predominant. It utilized a multistage sampling procedure with sample size of 63 rice farmers from Ebonyi State and 315 from Kebbi State. Multinomial logit was used to analyze major factors determining the choice of risk management strategies adopted by the rice farmers. Rice production in the two states is predominantly embraced by middle-aged farmers, with mean ages of 43 and 42, respectively. Overall average household size was 9 people per household. About 54.0% of rice farmers lack formal education, in Ebonyi State and 39.0% in Kebbi State. Male genderism has marginal effect on market monitoring and evaluation risk mitigating strategies, with a household increase of 0.2%, indicating a higher likelihood of adopting economic factor strategies. Increasing rice farm size leads to a decrease in farmers' adoption of information and development factor, social factor and market and monitoring evaluation mitigating strategies. All households, on average, generate 75.4% of their total income from agriculture, with 25.0% receiving income from off-farm sources. Farmers either grow only rice, having no other income sources, or may diversify into some other categories. With age, rice farmers are more likely to engage in non-farm income activities due to the capital- and labor-intensive nature of rice cultivation. Higher education levels increase the probability of rice farmers adopting management strategy by 2.5%. The study found that socioeconomic and institutional factors influence rice farmers' risk management strategies and income sources. Most farmers rely on farming, suggestive the need for adult literacy programs and risk-mitigating strategies.

ASSESSMENT OF ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF ZINC NANOPARTICLES SYNTHESIZED FROM AQUEOUS LEAF EXTRACTS OF OCIMUM GRATISSIMUM AND VERNONIA AMYGDALINA

J. A. AREMU — 2025-07-11

Synthesis of nanoscale metals has been reported for environmental pollution effects and health problems which have made green synthesis via plant extracts to be preferred. As a viable alternative, use of plant extracts for effective synthesis of nano metallic particles has therefore been deployed due to safety and simple methodology. This study explored the potential of Ocimum gratissimum and Vernonia amygdalina leaf extracts as reducing agents for the synthesis of zinc nanoparticles. The extracts were utilized to reduce Zn²⁺ ions, and the resulting nanoparticles were characterized using UV-vis spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The XRD analysis revealed average particle size of 20.78 nm for nanoparticles synthesized with Ocimum gratissimum and 19.56 nm for Vernonia amygdalina. The antimicrobial properties of the synthesized nanoparticles were evaluated against Bacillus thuringiensis (ATCC 789794.1), Staphyloccoccus aureus (ATCC 20923) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922). The results showed significant inhibition zones ranging from 8-19 mm for O. gratissimum and 6 – 18 mm for V. amygdalina-mediated nanoparticles. In comparison, doxycycline demonstrated 18-20 mm zones of inhibition, while deionized water showed no inhibitory effect. This study has demonstrated the effectiveness of the plants leaf extracts in synthesizing zinc nanoparticles with potent antimicrobial properties.

AMELIORATIVE EFFECTS OF BLIGHIA SAPIDA (K.D. KOENIG) EXTRACT ON WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS, LIVER AND GILL OF AFRICAN CATFISH, CLARIAS GARIEPINUS EXPOSED TO KEROSENE-INDUCED TOXICITY

M.B. ADEKOLA — 2025-07-11

This study investigated the ameliorative properties of Blighia sapida extracts on the water quality parameters, liver, and gills of sub-adults of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (185±2.87g) exposed to kerosene-induced toxicity. The fish species were acclimatized for 14 days and the water was partially replaced every 48 hours. The test organisms were fed with commercial pelletized fish feed (42% CP) at 3% body weight twice per day throughout the acclimatization period. 189 pieces of the test animal were randomly divided into nine groups (G) of seven fish each in plastic tanks containing 20L of borehole water to which treatments were set up in triplicates: G1: control, G2: 100 ml kerosene, G3: 200 ml kerosene, G4: 100 ml kerosene + 50 mg/kg body weight (bwt) ethanol extract (EE), G5: 100ml kerosene + 100 mg/kg bwt. EE, G6: 100 ml kerosene + 150 mg/kg bwt. EE, G7: 200 ml kerosene + 50 mg/kg bwt. EE, G8: 200 ml kerosene + 100 mg/kg bwt EE, G9: 200 ml kerosene + 150 mg/kg bwt EE. The study was carried out for 28 days and the obtained water quality parameters data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistical tools. The results showed significant (p<0.05) effect on the water quality parameters of total dissolved solids, hydrogen ion concentration, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, and temperature with increase in the volume of kerosene. The histological examination revealed mild/severe vacuolar degeneration on the liver and gills of fish exposed to varying volumes of the kerosene. However, B. sapida, ameliorated the toxic effects of the kerosene in dose-dependent manner. Severe portal and central venous congestions were observed in the organs, however, the severity of these congestions decreased with increase in the extract concentration. The result indicated that B. sapida displayed ameliorative effects on sub-adults African catfish, as such could be used to treat the fish species in the case of oil spillage.

DEVELOPMENT AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A SLICING MACHINE

A. E. OLUMILUA — 2025-07-11

Utilization of machinery reduces the time and drudgery of processing tubers. The high cost, energy consumption, and bulkiness can however render it unimportant for small-scale industrial applications. The study developed a two-feeder slicing machine to reduce the time-consuming and human-injurious labour involved in traditional crop processing. The slicing machine utilizes cold and hot working processes, with two conical-shaped hoppers and removable discs with diameters of 80-90 mm and lengths of 170 mm. Using discs, the product is sliced into a discharge chute where it falls due to gravity, secured with a bolt and nut, powered by a two-horsepower electric motor, allowing adjustable slice clearance. The machine was tested on Irish potatoes, sweet potatoes, and plantains, measuring geometric mean diameters and running at different speeds for two minutes. Materials were collected and categorized into sliced and unsliced forms. The machine achieved a maximum efficiency of 89% when slicing giant plantains at 412 rpm, while achieving the lowest efficiency of 60% when slicing little plantains at 224 rpm, with a slice rate range of 0.027 to 0.047 kg/sec. Cutting efficiency of the machine on small and large sizes of sweet potatoes were 64% and 69% at 224 rpm, while optimal efficiency was 84% at 477 rpm. The commercial and domestic two-feeder slicing machine efficiently sliced Irish potatoes (72%), plantains (88%), and sweet potatoes (75%), reducing manual labour, injury risk, and waste.

PROXIMATE COMPOSITION, FUNCTIONAL AND COLOUR PROPERTIES OF EXTRUDED SNACKS FROM FERMENTED SORGHUM-PUMPKIN LEAF COMPOSITE FLOUR

O. A. OJO — 2025-07-11

There is a need to further explore evolving technological processes and affordable nutrient sources to produce nutritionally adequate ready-to-eat products. This study was aimed at determining the effects of pumpkin leaf flour on the proximate composition, functional and colour properties of extruded snacks from fermented sorghum-pumpkin leaf flour. D-optimal mixture design was used to generate percentage of fermented sorghum and pumpkin leaf flour which resulted into ten experimental runs. The sorghum grains were fermented naturally for 24 h and were further processed into flour. Extruded snacks were produced from the ten runs and were analyzed for proximate composition, functional and colour properties using standard analytical procedures. Crude protein, crude fibre and total ash increased significantly (p<0.05) with increase in pumpkin leaf flour in the extruded snacks while water absorption index, bulk density, expansion ratio and lightness decrease significantly (p<0.05) with increase in pumpkin leaf flour. The optimum combination for extruded snacks were fermented sorghum flour of 86.24% and pumpkin leaf flour of 13.76%.

DIGITAL TWIN PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT ON AN ELECTRIC VEHICLE AND COMPARATIVE COST ANALYSIS WITH GASOLINE VEHICLE

A. P. OSASONA — 2025-07-11

The paper evaluates the performance of a digital twin on an electric vehicle and compares its operation costs with a gasoline vehicle of equivalent energy usage. This study uses a digital twin technique in the automotive industry to assess performance and compare the cost of electric vehicles to gasoline cars. The twin system measures output data from a converted gasoline Toyota starlet car, comparing its energy usage with gasoline cars. The technology includes internet of thing (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), predictive analysis, simulation tools, virtual sensors and 5G. The outcome reveals that as time increases, speed increases, and battery level depreciates, leading to decreased fuel levels in conventional vehicles, with higher battery consumption voltage in low-speed tests. Low-speed driving consumes more energy than high-speed driving, causing momentum to increase and initial decrease. An electric vehicle was 50.9% less expensive to operate than a gasoline powered vehicle for the same distance, and over a five-year period, maintenance costs were predicted to be 50.6% lower. The operation cost of internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles doubled that of novel electric vehicles (EVs), and with increasing petroleum prices, the cost increased over 400%. The use of digital twin technology in studied electric-powered vehicle is economical, environmentally friendly and maximizes resources use in favour of global circular economy vision.

AUTOMATED BIRD SCARING SYSTEM: A REVIEW

F.O. DURODOLA — 2025-07-11

Birds are a considerable menace to crop farming, resulting in major economic detriment through crop damage. Conventional avian deterrence techniques, including scarecrows, reflecting substances, and chemical repellents, have demonstrated ineffectiveness over time due to habituation. This research examines diverse ways for bird detection and deterrent, classifying them into singular and multimodal approaches. Contemporary innovations, like as artificial intelligence (AI), drones, machine vision, and deep learning-based detection, have markedly enhanced the efficacy of avian management systems. The review emphasises the advantages of combining detection with adaptive deterrence strategies, including Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)-based acoustic deterrents, AI-driven repellent systems, and laser-based frightening techniques. Moreover, multimodal deterrence—integrating visual, aural, and physical barriers—demonstrates the most efficacy in mitigating avian-related damage. The paper indicates that subsequent research should prioritise the development of cost-efficient, automated, and species-specific deterrent methods that reduce habituation and improve sustainability in crop protection.

CONTROL OF AFLATOXIN-PRODUCING MOULDS IN DRIED COW-SKIN HIDE (PONMO IJEBU) USING CATNIP LEAF EXTRACT

E.O. ONI — 2025-07-11

The use of plant extracts as antimicrobial agents has continually gained recognition because of their effectiveness. The study investigated catnip leaf extracts as an antifungal agent against aflatoxin-producing fungi isolated from cow skin (Ponmo). A total of 10 samples were purchased from 5 different open market sources in Abeokuta. Fungal and bacterial isolation were carried out using standard microbiological procedures. Aflatoxin quantification was done on Ponmo samples using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Methanolic extraction of catnip leaves was stored at room temperature till it was ready for use. Antifungal activities were carried out by the well diffusion method. Catnip leaf extract was introduced into the well-bore into plates of fungal species. Aspergillus niger 8.9%, Aspergillus nomius 35% and Aspergillus flavus 50.6%, were the fungi species found on Ponmo Ijebu. Aspergillus flavus has the most prevalent occurrence of 50.6%. The bacteria isolates from the sample include: Staphylococcus, Steptococcus, and Micrococcus. This study revealed that cow-skin hide sold at the Camp area of Abeokuta had the highest total aflatoxin load of 11µg/kg, which poses a great threat to the health of the consumers. The zone of inhibition, which ranged from 10 mm to 14 mm, was measured. This shows the efficacy of catnip to inhibit aflatoxigenic fungi in cow-skin hide during processing and storage, raising concerns about food safety and a need to find a control method. Therefore, it is advisable to educate consumers on proper hygiene practices during the cow skin drying process to mitigate fungal growth.

EFFECTS OF PROCESSING METHOD ON THE NUTRITIVE QUALITY OF GUANACASTE TREE (Enterolobium cyclocarpum) SEEDS

F. O. NWAEZEIGWE — 2025-07-11

Plants remain a significant source of food in human and animal nutrition. However, extensive inclusion of these is limited by various factors which include anti-nutrient and fibre contents which might impair their nutritional values and restrict their bio-availability. Seeds of Enterolobium cyclocarpum were subjected to three processing methods: autoclaving, sprouting and fermentation to evaluate the effects of these on the proximate composition and anti-nutritional property. The crude protein of the kernel meal was increased when autoclaved, sprouted and fermented relative to the raw form. There was a decrease in crude fat of the sprouted and fermented E. cyclocarpum kernel meal relative to the raw. The levels of the anti-nutritional factors were affected by the processing methods. There was a reduction in the phytic acid level from 100% in the raw to 16.23% (autoclaved), 10.50% (sprouted) and 10.50% (fermented). Tannins were also reduced from 100% in the raw form to 4.59% (autoclaved), 7.64% (sprouted) and 0.22% (fermentation) while saponin increased from 11.46 mg/100g in the raw form to 403.91mg/100g (autoclaved), 648.10mg/100g (sprouted) and 40.50mg/100g (fermentation). Essential amino acid profiles of the processed kernel meals were improved relative to the raw except for tryptophan which was slightly reduced by the fermentation while the processing methods increased the non-essential amino acids except for glycine and cystine which were slightly reduced by autoclaving method of processing. Mineral profiles of the test ingredient were affected by the three processing methods. All the processing methods increased Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium, Iron, Zinc and Phosphorus contents. Autoclaving improved Omega 3 and mono-saturated fatty acid while sprouting and fermentation reduced the Omega 3 and mono-saturated fatty acid value. The different processing methods used in the study were considered positive as they were effective in increasing the crude protein content of the kernel meal and reducing some of the anti- nutrients, thereby improving the nutritional value of E. cyclocarpum kernel meal. The study recommended that these processing methods could be of great advantage in processing E. cyclocarpum.

DEVELOPMENT OF A DIGITAL MAP FOR FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE ABEOKUTA USING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS)

F. DURODOLA — 2025-07-11

Many cities encounter difficulties concerning navigation, resource distribution, and spatial organization as a result of the absence of a current, all-encompassing digital map. Our university campuses are similarly affected by these issues. This research presents the development and implementation of the Digital Map for the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta (FUNAAB). The project addresses the challenges of navigating the university’s large campus by creating a detailed digital map incorporating key features like buildings, roads, and landmarks. The platform offers search capabilities, real-time travel information, and accessibility options, aimed at improving the experience for students, staff, visitors, and prospective students. By utilizing Geographical Information System (GIS) technology, the map serves as a central resource for managing spatial data, aiding in better decision-making, resource management, and campus planning. The project seeks to solve the challenges faced by students in navigating the campus, especially the newly-admitted, visitors and investors alike. Utilizing a multi-faceted data collection approach incorporating high-resolution aerial photography, mobile Global Positioning System (GPS) mapping, and existing cartographic resources, the research developed an interactive web-based platform accessible via internet enabled devices. The system architecture integrates MongoDB for data management, Laravel for backend operations, and Flutter for mobile application development. The key components of the map include search, location selection, review places, view details and directions. It also outlines future improvements, such as ongoing data updates and additional features to support the university's sustainability efforts.

ADAPTIVE FOUR-JUNCTION TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROLLER USING COMPUTER VISION

S. OWOEYE — 2025-07-11

Traffic light control systems are essential elements of urban infrastructure, as they significantly contribute to road safety by maintaining an organized flow of traffic and promoting the efficient and smooth movement of vehicles. This study developed an adaptive traffic light control system for four-junction intersections, employing computer vision and real-time data processing. Using the YOLOV5 object detection algorithm, the system identifies vehicles and adjusts signal timings based on traffic density to optimize flow and reduce congestion. Trained on extensive datasets, the model achieved over 90% precision and recall in most scenarios, with low training and validation loss, indicating strong generalization. An Arduino Mega microcontroller processes data from a USB webcam to control LED traffic signals. Real-world tests demonstrated a 40% reduction in vehicle wait times compared to fixed-timing systems. This research highlights the effectiveness of intelligent traffic systems in improving urban mobility while offering a scalable solution to modern traffic challenges. Future enhancements may include pedestrian detection, predictive analytics, and integration of additional sensors to improve system adaptability and overall performance.

EFFECTS OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF Parquetina nigrescens ON BACTERIAL TRANSLOCATION IN WISTAR RATS SUBJECTED TO EXPERIMENTAL INTESTINAL ISCHEMIA-REPERFUSION INJURY

O.A. MAKINDE — 2025-07-11

Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) can cause bacterial translocation (BT) and systemic complications. This study evaluated the protective effects of Parquetina nigrescens methanolic extract (MEPN) against BT following intestinal IRI. Twenty-four male Wistar rats (180g ± 15g) were randomized into four groups: Group A (negative control, 0.9% saline for 7 days), Group B (MEPN 1000 mg/kg for 7 days without IRI), Group C (MEPN 1000 mg/kg for 7 days prior to IRI), and Group D (ischemic preconditioning: 15 minutes ischemia/15 minutes reperfusion, followed by 30 minutes ischemia/24 hours reperfusion). IRI was induced by superior mesenteric artery clamping for 45 minutes followed by 24-hour reperfusion. All rats were sacrificed by cervical dislocation after 24 hours reperfusion. Bacterial analysis was performed on liver, spleen, lung, terminal ileum, and blood samples using standard microbiological techniques. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Significantly different mean values were separated using Duncan's multiple range test at p ≤ 0.05. Multiple bacterial species were isolated, including Bacillus, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Enterococcus, Klebsiella, E. coli, Micrococcus luteus, and Citrobacter freundi. Group A showed no bacterial growth. Group B demonstrated bacterial growth in liver (4.3×10⁶±9.7×10⁶ CFU) and lung (1.5×10⁷±1.9×10⁷ CFU). Group C exhibited the highest bacterial loads across all organs, with blood showing 6.0×10⁶±1.3×10⁷ CFU. Group D showed marked reduction with only liver colonization (6.4×10⁵±1.4×10⁶ CFU), representing 98.5% reduction compared to Group C. MEPN at 1000 mg/kg failed to provide protection against IRI-induced bacterial translocation, while ischemic preconditioning demonstrated significant protective effects.

MULTIVARIATE LOGISTIC REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF DEPRESSION RISK FACTORS AMONG NIGERIAN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

O. A. WALE-OROJO — 2025-07-11

Depression is a growing public health issue among university students, yet limited studies in Nigeria have applied multivariate techniques to identify its key predictors across varying institutional contexts. This study employed a cross-sectional design involving 1,200 undergraduate students from three Federal Universities in South-West Nigeria— Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta (FUNAAB); the Federal University of Technology, Akure (FUTA); and the University of Lagos (UNILAG). Data were gathered through a structured questionnaire integrating validated instruments such as the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Sexual Risk Survey, Bullying Victimization Scale, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), and self-developed measures of academic stress and performance. Depression, treated as a binary outcome, was analyzed using multivariate logistic regression. Variables with a p-value < 0.20 from univariate analysis were included in the final model. About 30% of students reported moderate-to-severe depression. Significant predictors included female gender (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) = 1.62), age 21–23 (AOR = 1.41), high academic stress (AOR = 2.18), self-sponsorship (AOR = 1.72), high-risk alcohol use (AOR = 1.94), bullying victimization (AOR = 3.27), and risky sexual behavior (AOR = 1.68). The model demonstrated good fit (Hosmer-Lemeshow p = 0.48) and strong explanatory power (Nagelkerke’s R² = 0.31). The findings highlight the multifaceted nature of depression and the importance of targeted interventions within university settings.

PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF HEALTHY Solanum lycopersicum L. LEAVES USING GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY- MASS SPECTROMETRY (GC-MS)

C. T. SENJOBI — 2025-07-11

Solanum lycopersicum (Tomato) is one of the most consumed fruit vegetables and one of the best sources of phytochemicals which makes a significant contribution to the daily intake of rich bioactive compounds. This study was conducted to identify the phytochemical characteristics of healthy S. lycopersicum leaves, mostly regarded as a waste, using Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique to determine the chemical constituents. Fresh matured leaves of S. lycopersicum were washed with sterile distilled water to remove contaminants. They were air dried and pulverized into semi-coarse powder which was later extracted using 70% methanol. The preliminary phytochemical analysis was carried out using standard procedures. Another sample of the leaves was dried and pulverized to powder in a mechanical grinder, weighed and transferred to a flask. It was treated with petroleum ether, incubated overnight and strained through a Whatman filter paper. The filtrate was then concentrated and analyzed using Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Qualitative phytochemical analysis showed absence of anthraquinones glycosides, cardiac glycosides, tannins, and terpenoids, while saponins, phenols, phlobatannins, alkaloids, steroids, and flavonoids were present. The GC-MS identified fourteen compounds in the petroleum ether extract of Solanum lycopersicum leaves which include: Bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane, 4-methylene-1-(1-methylethyl)-; γ-Terpinene; Terpinen-4-ol; Bicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-en-2-one, 4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-; Eugenol; Humulene; Naphthalene, 1,2,3,4,4a,7-hexahydro-1,6-dimethyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-; Caryophyllene oxide; 1H-3a,7-Methanoazulene, octahydro-1,4,9,9-tetramethyl-; Benzene, 1-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-methyl; Thymol; Phenol, 2-ethyl-4,5-dimethyl-; Dimethyl phthalate and Pyrazine, 2,3-diethyl-5-methyl-.Solanum lycopersicum leave extract contains phyto-constituents that may have potentials for pharmacological activities.

EVALUATION OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION, ANTIOXIDANT CONSTITUENTS, NUTRITIONAL AND ANTI-NUTRITIONAL QUALITIES OF AVOCADO, CUCUMBER AND DATE FRUITS

M. M. ADEYANJU — 2025-07-11

Fruits constitute an essential component of human nutrition, providing health benefits and potentially mitigating various ailments. This study investigated the nutritional and anti-nutritional qualities, antioxidant activity, and phytochemical contents of three commercially important fruits: Avocado, Cucumber and Date. Standard methods were employed for proximate analysis, mineral composition determination and phytochemical assays. Significant variations were observed in nutritional composition among the three fruits: Avocado exhibited the highest carbohydrate content of 10.38 ± 0.01%. Crude protein and fibre contents were also highest in Avocado at 2.21 ± 0.02 % and 2.32± 0.03 %, respectively. Antioxidants activities, assessed via DPPH and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), were also highest in Avocado (88.98 ± 0.19% and 78.90 ± 0.32%, respectively) followed by Cucumber (87.99 ± 0.69% and 76.36 ± 0.22%, respectively). Date had the least antioxidant activity at 68.54 ± 0.39% and 59.21 ± 0.06%. Anti-nutritional factors were minimal, with negligible levels of oxalates and phytates while tannins were not detected in all the fruits. Phytochemicals detected in the three fruits were most abundant in flavonoids and alkaloids and were within the range of 0.22 ± 0.001 to 0.25± 0.001%. Glycosides and total phenol contents were highest in Date. Saponin content was similar in concentration in all the three fruits, while chalcones were not detected in any of the fruits. Date had the highest amount of the minerals, with the potassium concentration of 4320.94 ± 0.62 mg/kg, sodium (1619.29 ± 0.84 mg/kg), and calcium (530.47 ± 0.56 mg/kg). The fruits are rich in valuable complementary nutrients which are beneficial to humans.

CHARACTERIZATION OF GROUNDWATER SOURCES USING HYDROGEOPHYSICAL AND BIOGEOCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES IN PAPALANTO, SOUTH-WEST NIGERIA

S.A. ISHOLA — 2025-07-11

The necessity for aquifer characterization and consequent assessment of extent of leachate infiltration in groundwater system for the growing water demands and overall health benefits of inhabitants cannot be overemphasized. Although groundwater provides potable water to billions of people worldwide daily, it also serves as a basic sustenance to other forms of biological populations. The vulnerability status of boreholes and hand-dug wells to contaminant seepages in the Papalanto community of Ogun State, South-Western Nigeria was analyzed in this study. It was designed to assess and present the extent of leachate and pollution from Ewekoro community. Qualitative assessment was determined utilizing vertical electrical sounding (VES) methods that revealed lower resistivity mostly in traverses 1, 4 and 5, thus suggesting possible leachate to depths above 24.9 m. The depth to the aquifer varied from 8.5m to 100m while the longitudinal unit conductance (S) and the protective capacity (P_c) values were generally less than 1.0 Siemens (P_c˂ 1.0 Siemens) except in few locations around VESPAP2, VESPAP4, VESPAP10, VESPAP12, VESPAP13, VESPAP20 alongside VESPAP21 and VESPAP22 that were classified as low aquifer protective zone and were characteristics of depositional successions of overburden layers with no significant impermeable clay/shale overlying rock. Most quality determinants in the sampled water were within the set guidelines. pH, Temperature, EC, TDS, TSS, TS and TH were the physico-chemical parameters; NO^3- , NO^2- and SO₄^2- represented the anions; Na²⁺, Mg³⁺represented the cations while Cu²⁺, Pb²⁺, Cd^2+, Mn²⁺, Cr³⁺, Ni and Al³⁺ were the heavy metals. Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Alkalinity (ALK), Cl^-, HCO₃^-, Zn²⁺ and Fe³⁺ were found to exhibit elevated concentration values using the integrated permissible limits of the approved national and international water quality standards for both water sources. It was concluded that not all the borehole water sources were safe for consumption and many of the hand-dug well waters were of poorer bacteriological qualities; indicative of health risk to the inhabitants of the area.

BILATERAL ABDOMINAL CRYPTORCHIDISM WITH SEVERE TESTICULAR ATROPHY AND SERTOLI CELL-ONLY SYNDROME IN A 15-MONTH-OLD BOERBOEL DOG: A CASE REPORT

O. A. MAKINDE — 2025-07-11

Cryptorchidism is the most common congenital disorder affecting male dogs, with bilateral abdominal cryptorchidism being a rare presentation that often leads to severe testicular pathology. A 15-month-old intact male Boerboel dog was presented to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, with suspected snake bite injury. The dog died from complications, and a necropsy revealed bilateral abdominal cryptorchidism. Both testes were severely atrophic (left: 3.0 cm length, 5.7 cm circumference; right: 3.2 cm length, 6.8 cm circumference) and located in the intra-abdominal cavity. Histopathological examination revealed a complete absence of spermatogenesis, with seminiferous tubules exhibiting marked atrophy, detachment of the basement membrane, and a Sertoli cell-only pattern. Moderate interstitial fibrosis was present in both testes. This case represents a severe form of bilateral abdominal cryptorchidism resulting in complete reproductive failure. The histopathological findings demonstrate the progressive degenerative changes that occur in retained testes. This case highlights the critical importance of early cryptorchidism detection in young dogs and emphasizes the need for prompt surgical intervention to prevent irreversible testicular damage and complete reproductive failure.

COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF PRE- AND POST-EMERGENCE APPLICATIONS OF CASSAVA MILL EFFLUENT FOR WEED MANAGEMENT

O. P. AYODELE — 2025-07-11

Weed management in smallholder and low-input farming systems is constrained by the cost, environmental risks, and declining efficacy of synthetic herbicides. Cassava mill effluent (CME), a cassava-processing by-product rich in cyanogenic compounds, has potential for weed control, but its application strategy and persistence are poorly understood. This study evaluated the efficacy of CME applied as a pre-emergence soil treatment and as a post-emergence foliar spray for weed control. A screen-house experiment was conducted using a Completely Randomised Design with three replicates. CME was applied at rates equivalent to 6, 12, 18, and 24 g CN ha⁻¹, alongside an untreated control, either before weed emergence or after weed establishment. Weed density, species richness, fresh and dry biomass, and weed control efficiency (WCE) were assessed over two successive weed flushes. Pre-emergence soil application of CME showed no significant effects on weed density, biomass, or species richness across both flushes, indicating limited effectiveness under soil-applied conditions. In contrast, post-emergence foliar application significantly reduced weed density from 1188 to 280 plants m², fresh weight from 3927 to 495 g m², , and dry weight from 825 to 118 g m² during the first weed flush. The highest level of weed control was achieved at 24 g CN ha⁻¹ applied post-emergence, with weed control efficiency peaking at 85.9%. No significant weed suppression was observed during the second flush, suggesting limited residual activity of CME. The study concludes that CME functions as a short-lived bioherbicide when applied post-emergence, with effectiveness dependent on direct contact with weed foliage. Its low persistence implies minimal risk to subsequent crops, supporting its suitability for sustainable and integrated weed management systems. Therefore, repeated post-emergence applications of CME at 24 g CN ha⁻¹, or its integration with other weed control methods, are recommended to enhance long-term weed management effectiveness.

EVALUATION OF MEXICAN SUNFLOWER (Tithonia diversifolia) AND GUINEA GRASS (Megathyrsus maximus) MULCHES ON WEED SUPPRESSION AND KENAF (Hibiscus cannabinus) GROWTH

J. O. AMOSUN — 2025-07-11

Weed infestation remains a major constraint to kenaf production in Nigeria, particularly under low-input systems where reliance on costly synthetic herbicides is unsustainable, prompting the search for effective plant-based mulching alternatives. Plant-based mulches were evaluated as eco-friendly weed management options in kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) under field conditions at the Faculty Garden, Adekunle Ajasin University, Nigeria. The experiment was laid out in a randomised complete block design with ten treatments replicated three times, comprising a weedy check, a weed-free control, and Mexican sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia) and Guinea grass (Megathyrsus maximus) mulches applied at 5, 7.5, 10, and 12.5 t ha⁻¹. Weed density and weed biomass were assessed at 4 and 6 weeks after sowing (WAS), while kenaf growth parameters and biomass were measured up to 10 WAS. Mexican sunflower mulch applied at either 10 or 12.5 t ha⁻¹ reduced weed fresh biomass by approximately 49–70% relative to the weedy check; Guinea grass at similar rates resulted in inconsistent suppression, ranging from 13% increase to 20% reduction in weed biomass. At 10 WAS, kenaf fresh and dry biomass in mulched plots were 42–83% lower than those from weed-free plots, indicating persistent weed interference. Mulched treatments produced up to 30% higher biomass than the weedy check, with Mexican sunflower at 10–12.5 t ha⁻¹ recording the highest dry biomass among mulched plots. Weed-free plots consistently produced the tallest plants, widest stem diameters, and greatest biomass. Overall, although higher rates of Mexican sunflower mulch partially suppressed weeds and improved kenaf biomass relative to the weedy check, mulching alone was insufficient to achieve crop performance comparable to weed-free management, underscoring the need for integrated weed management strategies in kenaf production

BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF KENAF (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) SEEDS AS INFLUENCED BY STORAGE CONDITION

T. O. KEHINDE — 2025-07-11

Kenaf, an annual plant produced for its fibre is known for fast seed deterioration in storage. To address the quick loss of seed viability, the study was carried out to determine the biochemical composition of kenaf seeds with storage temperature in order to ascertain the relationship between biochemical composition and loss of seed viability in kenaf. Eight hundred grammes each of freshly- harvested seeds of four kenaf varieties (Cuba 108, Ifeken 100, Ifeken 400 and Ifeken DI 400) were stored under both cold (19.6 ˚C, RH= ±12%) and ambient environments (23.8 - 28.1 °C, RH = ± 46.0 - 80%) for eight months. The experiment was laid out in a Completely Randomized Design with three replicates. The stored seeds were assessed for biochemical attributes at 120-day intervals for a period of 240 days (0,120 and 240 days). Data collected were subjected to analysis of variance and means separated using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test at 5% probability level. There were increments in the p-anisidine (0.20 – 0.57), peroxide (0.27 – 1.06 mEq/kg) and rancidity (0.10 – 0.62 mEq/kg) contents of kenaf seeds under ambient environment with storage up to 240 days which resulted in decline of their quality during storage compared to their values recorded under cold environment (0.2-0.22; 0.27-0.31; 0.10-0.07, respectively). These values were low under cold environment. Ifeken-400 and Cuba-108 varieties had lower values for free fatty acid, p-anisidine, peroxide and rancidity value when stored under cold environment, implying that they did not go rancid when stored under cold environment. Biochemical attributes of oil content, free fatty acid, p-anisidine, peroxide and rancidity of kenaf seeds declined more under ambient environment than cold environment. Storing seeds under cold environment will enhance longer storage life compared to storage under ambient conditions in the humid tropical environment.

GUIDE TO AUTHORS

E. A. MAKINDE — 2025-07-11