ANTIPLASMODIAL POTENTIAL OF Garcinia kola (HECKEL) STEMBARK EXTRACT IN ALBINO MICE
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51406/jnset.v18i1.2036Keywords:
Garcinia kola, Phytochemical components, Nutritional values, Plasmodium berghei, Antiplasmodial effectAbstract
Garcinia kola stem bark forms part of recipes used traditionally for the treatment of malaria. In view of the prevalence of malaria in Nigeria, this study investigated the phytochemical, mineral and proximate components, as well as antiplasmodial activity and toxicological effect of Garcinia kola stem bark extract against Plasmodium berghei infected mice. The plant sample was screened for phytochemical, mineral and proximate components using standard laboratory techniques. Thirty five mice were divided into seven groups of five mice each. Malaria was induced in all the groups intraperitoneally with 0.2 mL of infected blood containing about 107 of P. berghei parasitized red blood cells, except group 6 (extract only) and group 7 (normal control). Group 1 received 100 mg/kg bodyweight of the extract orally. Group 2 received 200 mg/kg of the extract. Group 3 received 300 mg/kg of the extract. Group 4 received 5 mg/kg of chloroquine. Group 5 (induced but untreated control). The haematology, liver function enzymes and histopathology of the liver were carried out using standard protocols. The plant was rich in alkaloids, iron and fibre. The extract treated groups (1-3) showed significant decrease (p≤0.05) in parasitemia level after seven days of treatment. There was no significant difference in AST, ALT, ALP, bilirubin and GGT activities in all the extract treated groups compared to the control. No pathological changes were evident in histopathology of all the groups treated with various concentration of the extract. The result obtained from this study confirmed the antiplasmodial activity of methanol extract of G. kola stem bark. The highest inhibition of P. berghie parasite was observed at dose 300 mg/kg comparable to chloroquine, with no hepatoxicity which confirmed the safety of G. kola. The phytochemicals and nutritional components could be responsible for the observed antiplasmodial activity of the plant.
References
Adaramoye, O.A., Osaimoje, D.O., Akinsanya, M.A., Nneji, C.M., Fafunso, M.A. and Ademowo, O.G. 2008. Changes in antioxidant status and biochemical indices after acute administration of artemether, artemether-lumefantrine and halofantrine in rats. Basic Clinical Phaemacology and Toxicology, 102: 412-18.
Agbedahunsi, J.M. 2000. Screening of crude drug for the treatment of malaria in Nigeria. Phytomedicine in malaria and sexually transmitted diseases. Challenges for the New Millennium. Drug Resaerch and Production Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, lle lfe, Nigeria. pp. 13-22.
Ajagbonna, O.P., Esaigun, P.E., Alayande, N.O. and Akinloye, A.O. 2002. Anti-malarial activity and haematological effect of stem bark water extract of Nuclea latifolia. Bioscience Research Commununication, 14(5): 481-486.
Akintonwa, A. and Essien, A.R. 1990. Protective effects of Garcinia kola seed extract against paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 29: 207–211.
AOAC. Official methods of Analysis, Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington D.C. 2005.
Arrow, K.J., Panosian, C. and Gellband, H. 2004. Saving lives, Buying Time: Economics of malaria drugs in an age of resistance. National Academies Press. 141.
ASEAN Manual of Food Analysis 2011. Regional centre of ASEAN network of food data system, Institute of nutrition, Mahidol University, Thailand. pp.1-124.
Ashour, A.A., Yassin, M.M., Aasi, N.M. A. and Ali, R.M. 2007. Blood serum glucose and renal parameters in lead-loaded albino rats and treated with some chelating agents and natural oils. Turkish Journal of Biology, 31: 25 – 34.
Bartoloni, A. and Zammarchi, L. 2012. Clinical aspect of uncomplicated and severe malaria. Mediterranean Journal of Heamatology and Infectious Diseases, 4(1):10.
Bickii, J., Nijifutie, N., Foyere, J.A., Basco, L.K. and Ringwald, P. 2000. In vitro antimalarial activity of limonoids from Khaya grandifoliola C.D.C (Meliaceae). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 69: 27–33.
Cheesbrough, M. 1998. District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries. Part 1. Cambridge University Press, London.
Chindo, B.A., Amos, S., Odutola A.A., Vongtau, H.O., Abah, J., Wambebe, C. and Gamaniel, K.S. 2003. Central nervous system activity of the methanol extract of Ficus platyphylla stem bark. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 85: 131-137.
Ekeanyanwu, R.C. and Ogu, G.I. 2010. Assessment of renal function of Nigerian Children infected with Plasmodium falciparium. International Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 2(9): 251-255.
Ekene E.N. and Erhirhie E.O. 2014. Garcinia kola: A review of its ethnomedicinal, chemical and pharmacological properties. International Journal of Current Research and Review, 06(11): 1 – 7.
Fairhurst, R. M. and Wellems, T. E. 2010. Plasmodium species (malaria)". In Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R (eds).Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases 2 (7th ed.). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier, 275: 3437–3462.
Ferri, F.F. 2009. Protozoal infections". Ferri's Color Atlas and Text of Clinical Medicine. Elsevier Health Sciences, 332: 1159.
Fidock, D.A., Rosenthal, P.J., Croft, S.L., Brun, R. and Nwaka, S. 2004. Antimalarial drug discovery: Efficacy models for compound screening. Natural Reviews Drug Discovery, 3: 509-520.
Gbadamosi, I.T., Moody, J.O. and Lawal, A. 2011. Phytochemical Screening and Proximate analysis of eight ethnobotanicals used as anti-malaria remedies in Ibadan, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Biosciences, 44:2967-2071.
Harborne, J.B. 2005. Phytochemical methods. A guide to modern techniques of plant analysis. 3rd Edition, Springer Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, India.
Htut, Z.W. and Engl, N. 2009. Artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Journal of Medicine, 361: 1807-1808.
Khozirah, S., Noor Rain, A., Siti Najila, M. J., Imiyabir, Z. and Madani, L. 2011. In vitro antiplasmodial properties of selected plants of Sabah. Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 19(1):11-17.
Kutty, G.N. and Jacob, N. 2004. Synthesis and hypolipidemic activity of a thiazolidinone derivative. Indian Drugs, 41: 76-79.
Majekodunmi, S.O., Adegoke, O.A. and Odeku, O.A. 2008. Formulation of the extract of the stem bark of Alstonia boonei as tablet dosage form. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 7: 987–994.
Menendez, C., Fleming, A.F. and Alonso, P.L. 2000. Malaria-related anaemia. Parasitology Today, 16(11):469-476.
Modiano, D., Sirima, B.S., Konate, A., Sano, I. and Sawadogo, A. 2001. Leucocytosis in severe malaria. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 95(2): 175-176.
Moody, A. 2002. Rapid diagnostic tests for malaria parasites. Clinical Microbiology Review, 15(4): 771-772.
Morton, D., Safron, J.A., Glosson, J., Rice, D.W., Wilson, D.M., and White, R.D. 1997. Histological lesions associated with intravenous infusions of large volumes of isotonic saline solution in rats for 30 days. Toxicologic Pathology, 25:390-394.
Mueller, I. Zimmerman, P.A. and Reeder, J.C. 2007. Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale the "bashful" malaria parasites. Trends in Parasitology, 23 (6): 278–83.
National Institute of Health (NIH). 2002. Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee Guidebook. Publication. Washington, D. C., U.S. Government Printing Office; pp.230.
Nwabuisi, C. 2002. Prophylactic effect of multi-herbal extract Agbo-Iba on malaria induced in mice. East African Medical Journal, 79: 343–346.
Rowett, H.G.O. 1977. Dissecting guides of rats with notes on mouse. Bulter and Tanner LTD. London. 111:5-23.
Saldanha, L.G. 1995. Fibre in the diet of U.S. Children: Results of national surveys. Pediatrics 96: 994-996.
Salihu, O.M. and Sanni, N.A. 2013. Malaria burden and effectiveness of malaria control measures in Nigeria: A case study of Asa Local Government Area of Kwara State. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 4(3): 295 – 308.
Sanket, S. and Sarita, G. 2009. In vitro antiplasmodial activity of Enicostemma littorate. American Journal of Infectious Diseases, 5(3):259-262.
Saxena, S., Pant, N., Jain, D.C. and Bhakuni, R.S. 2003. Antimalarial agents from plant sources. Current Science, 85(9):1314-1329.
Sendagire, H.D., Kyabayinze, G. Swedberg and Kironde, F. 2005. Plasmodium falciparum : higher incidence of molecular resistance markers for sulphadoxine than for pyrimethamine in Kasangati, Uganda. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 10: 537-543.
Siddiqi, N.J., Alhomida, A.S., Dutta, G.P. and Pandey, V.C. 2002. Antagonist effect of chloroquine and tumor necrosis factor on hepatic oxidative stress and antioxidant defense in normal and Plasmodiumyoelii nigeriensis infected mice, In Vivo16, 1:67–70.
Uko, J.O., Usman, A. and Ataja, M.A. 2001. Some biological activities of Garcinia kola in growing rats. Veterinarski arhiv, 71(5): 287-297.
Valsaraj, R., Pushpangadan, P., Nyman, U., Smitt, U.V., Adsersen, A. and Guditsen, L. 1995. New antimalarial drugs from Indian medicinal plants. International Seminar on Recent Trends in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oatacamund Abstract, No. 2A: 18–20.
Walsh, L. M. 1971. Instrumental methods for analysis of soils and plant tissue. Madison, Wisconson, USA: Soil Science society of America Inc. pp.222.
Winstanley, P., Ward, S. Snow, R. and Breckenridge, A. 2004. Therapy of falciparum malaria in sub-saharan Africa: From molecule to policy. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 17(3): 612 – 637.
Winter, R.W., Kelly, J.X., Smilkstein, M.J., Dodean, R., Bagby, G.C., Rathbun, R.K., Levin, J.I., Hinrichs, D. and Riscoe, M.K. 2006. Evaluation and lead optimization of antimalarial acridones. Experimental Parasitology, 114: 47 – 56.
Wolfe, K., Wu, X. and Liu, R.H. 2003. Antioxidant activity of apple peels. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51: 609-614.
World Health Organization. 2008. World Malaria Report, WHO reference number WHO/HTM/GMP/2008.1, ISBN 9789241563697. Geneva, Switzerland.
World Health Organization. 2011. World Malaria Report 2011. Available at http://www.who.int/malaria/world_malaria_report_2011/en/. Accessed 12th October, 2018.
Agbedahunsi, J.M. 2000. Screening of crude drug for the treatment of malaria in Nigeria. Phytomedicine in malaria and sexually transmitted diseases. Challenges for the New Millennium. Drug Resaerch and Production Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, lle lfe, Nigeria. pp. 13-22.
Ajagbonna, O.P., Esaigun, P.E., Alayande, N.O. and Akinloye, A.O. 2002. Anti-malarial activity and haematological effect of stem bark water extract of Nuclea latifolia. Bioscience Research Commununication, 14(5): 481-486.
Akintonwa, A. and Essien, A.R. 1990. Protective effects of Garcinia kola seed extract against paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 29: 207–211.
AOAC. Official methods of Analysis, Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington D.C. 2005.
Arrow, K.J., Panosian, C. and Gellband, H. 2004. Saving lives, Buying Time: Economics of malaria drugs in an age of resistance. National Academies Press. 141.
ASEAN Manual of Food Analysis 2011. Regional centre of ASEAN network of food data system, Institute of nutrition, Mahidol University, Thailand. pp.1-124.
Ashour, A.A., Yassin, M.M., Aasi, N.M. A. and Ali, R.M. 2007. Blood serum glucose and renal parameters in lead-loaded albino rats and treated with some chelating agents and natural oils. Turkish Journal of Biology, 31: 25 – 34.
Bartoloni, A. and Zammarchi, L. 2012. Clinical aspect of uncomplicated and severe malaria. Mediterranean Journal of Heamatology and Infectious Diseases, 4(1):10.
Bickii, J., Nijifutie, N., Foyere, J.A., Basco, L.K. and Ringwald, P. 2000. In vitro antimalarial activity of limonoids from Khaya grandifoliola C.D.C (Meliaceae). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 69: 27–33.
Cheesbrough, M. 1998. District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries. Part 1. Cambridge University Press, London.
Chindo, B.A., Amos, S., Odutola A.A., Vongtau, H.O., Abah, J., Wambebe, C. and Gamaniel, K.S. 2003. Central nervous system activity of the methanol extract of Ficus platyphylla stem bark. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 85: 131-137.
Ekeanyanwu, R.C. and Ogu, G.I. 2010. Assessment of renal function of Nigerian Children infected with Plasmodium falciparium. International Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 2(9): 251-255.
Ekene E.N. and Erhirhie E.O. 2014. Garcinia kola: A review of its ethnomedicinal, chemical and pharmacological properties. International Journal of Current Research and Review, 06(11): 1 – 7.
Fairhurst, R. M. and Wellems, T. E. 2010. Plasmodium species (malaria)". In Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R (eds).Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases 2 (7th ed.). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier, 275: 3437–3462.
Ferri, F.F. 2009. Protozoal infections". Ferri's Color Atlas and Text of Clinical Medicine. Elsevier Health Sciences, 332: 1159.
Fidock, D.A., Rosenthal, P.J., Croft, S.L., Brun, R. and Nwaka, S. 2004. Antimalarial drug discovery: Efficacy models for compound screening. Natural Reviews Drug Discovery, 3: 509-520.
Gbadamosi, I.T., Moody, J.O. and Lawal, A. 2011. Phytochemical Screening and Proximate analysis of eight ethnobotanicals used as anti-malaria remedies in Ibadan, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Biosciences, 44:2967-2071.
Harborne, J.B. 2005. Phytochemical methods. A guide to modern techniques of plant analysis. 3rd Edition, Springer Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, India.
Htut, Z.W. and Engl, N. 2009. Artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Journal of Medicine, 361: 1807-1808.
Khozirah, S., Noor Rain, A., Siti Najila, M. J., Imiyabir, Z. and Madani, L. 2011. In vitro antiplasmodial properties of selected plants of Sabah. Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 19(1):11-17.
Kutty, G.N. and Jacob, N. 2004. Synthesis and hypolipidemic activity of a thiazolidinone derivative. Indian Drugs, 41: 76-79.
Majekodunmi, S.O., Adegoke, O.A. and Odeku, O.A. 2008. Formulation of the extract of the stem bark of Alstonia boonei as tablet dosage form. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 7: 987–994.
Menendez, C., Fleming, A.F. and Alonso, P.L. 2000. Malaria-related anaemia. Parasitology Today, 16(11):469-476.
Modiano, D., Sirima, B.S., Konate, A., Sano, I. and Sawadogo, A. 2001. Leucocytosis in severe malaria. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 95(2): 175-176.
Moody, A. 2002. Rapid diagnostic tests for malaria parasites. Clinical Microbiology Review, 15(4): 771-772.
Morton, D., Safron, J.A., Glosson, J., Rice, D.W., Wilson, D.M., and White, R.D. 1997. Histological lesions associated with intravenous infusions of large volumes of isotonic saline solution in rats for 30 days. Toxicologic Pathology, 25:390-394.
Mueller, I. Zimmerman, P.A. and Reeder, J.C. 2007. Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale the "bashful" malaria parasites. Trends in Parasitology, 23 (6): 278–83.
National Institute of Health (NIH). 2002. Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee Guidebook. Publication. Washington, D. C., U.S. Government Printing Office; pp.230.
Nwabuisi, C. 2002. Prophylactic effect of multi-herbal extract Agbo-Iba on malaria induced in mice. East African Medical Journal, 79: 343–346.
Rowett, H.G.O. 1977. Dissecting guides of rats with notes on mouse. Bulter and Tanner LTD. London. 111:5-23.
Saldanha, L.G. 1995. Fibre in the diet of U.S. Children: Results of national surveys. Pediatrics 96: 994-996.
Salihu, O.M. and Sanni, N.A. 2013. Malaria burden and effectiveness of malaria control measures in Nigeria: A case study of Asa Local Government Area of Kwara State. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 4(3): 295 – 308.
Sanket, S. and Sarita, G. 2009. In vitro antiplasmodial activity of Enicostemma littorate. American Journal of Infectious Diseases, 5(3):259-262.
Saxena, S., Pant, N., Jain, D.C. and Bhakuni, R.S. 2003. Antimalarial agents from plant sources. Current Science, 85(9):1314-1329.
Sendagire, H.D., Kyabayinze, G. Swedberg and Kironde, F. 2005. Plasmodium falciparum : higher incidence of molecular resistance markers for sulphadoxine than for pyrimethamine in Kasangati, Uganda. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 10: 537-543.
Siddiqi, N.J., Alhomida, A.S., Dutta, G.P. and Pandey, V.C. 2002. Antagonist effect of chloroquine and tumor necrosis factor on hepatic oxidative stress and antioxidant defense in normal and Plasmodiumyoelii nigeriensis infected mice, In Vivo16, 1:67–70.
Uko, J.O., Usman, A. and Ataja, M.A. 2001. Some biological activities of Garcinia kola in growing rats. Veterinarski arhiv, 71(5): 287-297.
Valsaraj, R., Pushpangadan, P., Nyman, U., Smitt, U.V., Adsersen, A. and Guditsen, L. 1995. New antimalarial drugs from Indian medicinal plants. International Seminar on Recent Trends in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oatacamund Abstract, No. 2A: 18–20.
Walsh, L. M. 1971. Instrumental methods for analysis of soils and plant tissue. Madison, Wisconson, USA: Soil Science society of America Inc. pp.222.
Winstanley, P., Ward, S. Snow, R. and Breckenridge, A. 2004. Therapy of falciparum malaria in sub-saharan Africa: From molecule to policy. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 17(3): 612 – 637.
Winter, R.W., Kelly, J.X., Smilkstein, M.J., Dodean, R., Bagby, G.C., Rathbun, R.K., Levin, J.I., Hinrichs, D. and Riscoe, M.K. 2006. Evaluation and lead optimization of antimalarial acridones. Experimental Parasitology, 114: 47 – 56.
Wolfe, K., Wu, X. and Liu, R.H. 2003. Antioxidant activity of apple peels. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51: 609-614.
World Health Organization. 2008. World Malaria Report, WHO reference number WHO/HTM/GMP/2008.1, ISBN 9789241563697. Geneva, Switzerland.
World Health Organization. 2011. World Malaria Report 2011. Available at http://www.who.int/malaria/world_malaria_report_2011/en/. Accessed 12th October, 2018.
