GEOMORPHOLOGICAL MAPPING OF PART OF THE NIGER DELTA, NIGERIA USING DEM AND MULTISPECTRAL IMAGERY
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51406/jnset.v17i1.1904Keywords:
Remote sensing, Coastal geomorphology, Geomorphologic units, Tidal mudflats, Saltmarsh landformAbstract
This study utilised geo-information technology to carry out a geomorphological mapping of a part of the Niger Delta. Satellite image analysis was based on bi-annual seasonal approach using a combination of visual analysis of the geometry, site, situation, colour, and season for analysis of the non-topographic features. The study also utilised virtual and onsite fieldworks and existing geomorphologic information to interpret and analyse topographic and bathymetric features. First-order topographic features (elevation) and second level features including slope, aspect, curvature and mathematically exaggerated shaded relief were extracted from DEM. Relief classification was based on average elevation differences, hill shade, slope, and aspect. Three main non-topographic landforms were identified; the permanent rivers with stable meanders, perennially-active systems of creeks and fluvial landforms including scroll bars and oxbows. With the exception of higher elevation values towards the north-western fringe, the elevation ranges between mean sea level and 1 metre above sea level thus establishing a somewhat flat terrain. These areas were filled with meandering streams, sinuous creeks and watercourses flanked by mangrove vegetation. In the north-western area, elevation rose close to approximately 4 metres in most of the area with a peak of 10 metres. Generally, the cumulative area-slope analysis yielded a deltaic plain with generalised slope ≤ 20. Overall two elevation-based geographically differentiated morphological units were identified; tidal mudflats and saltmarshes. The study recommends that to provide needed information for resource planning and management, further investigation should be carried out with a view to modelling probable ecological and geomorphological changes in the entire Niger Delta.
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Sivakumar V. 2015. Geological, geomorphological and lineament mapping through remote sensing and GIS techniques, in parts of Madurai, Ramanathapuram and Tiruchirappalli districts of Tamil Nadu. International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences, 6 (3): 1669 – 1675.
Temovski, M., Milevski, I. 2015. DEM based geomorphometric analyses of karst surface in the Republic of Macedonia. In Jasiewicz, J., Zwoliński, Z., Mitasova, H., & Hengl, T. (Ed). Geomorphometry for Geosciences. Bogucki Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Poznań p. 65–68.
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Ventura, S. J., Irvin, B. J. 2000. Automated landform classification methods for soil-landscape studies. In Wilson, J.P., Gallant, J.C. (Eds.), Terrain Analysis, Principles and Applications. New York: John Wiley & Sons, pp 245–294.
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Allen, J. R. L. 1970. Sediments of the modern Niger Delta. In: Morgan, J. P. (ed.) Deltaic Sedimentation: Modern and Ancient, Soc. Econ. Paleontol. And Mineral. Spec. Publ. 15, p. 138 – 151.
Anejionu, O., Blackburn, A., Whyatt, D. 2012. Improved remote survey of Gas flaring in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria with landsat imagery. In D.Whyatt, & B. Rowlingson (Eds.), Proceedings of the GIS Research UK 20th Annual Conference. Lancaster: Lancaster University.
Anejionu, O., Blackburn, A., & Whyatt, D. 2013. Remote mapping of gas flares in the Niger Delta with MODIS imagery. Earsel Special Research Forum dedicated to Remote Sensing for Developing Countries. Matera, Italy, 5 June.
Baird, J. July 26, 2010. Oil's shame in Africa. Newsweek 27.
Bishop, M. P., Shroder Jr., J. F., 2004. In: Bishop, Shroder (Eds.), GIScience and Mountain Geomorphology: Overview, Feedbacks, and Research Directions, p. 1–31.
Bishop, M. P., James, L. A., Shroder Jr., J. F., & Walsh, S. J. 2012. Geospatial technologies and digital geomorphological mapping: Concepts, issues and research. Geomorphology, 137, 5–26.
Bishop, M. P., Shroder Jr., J. F., & Colby, J. D. 2003. Remote sensing and geomorphometry for studying relief production in high mountains. Geomorphology 55, 345–361.
Connallon, C. B., Schaetzl, R. J. 2017. Geomorphology of the Chippewa River delta of Glacial Lake Saginaw, central Lower Michigan, USA. Geomorphology, 290 (1): 128–141.
Fabiyi, O.O., Yesuf, G. U. 2013: Dynamics and Characterization of Coastal Flooding in Nigeria: Implication for Local Community Management Strategies, Ife Research Publications in Geography 12 (1&2) 45-61
Faniran, A., Sada, P.O., Areola, O 1976. River and Mining, its Organisation and Building Industry in the Lagos Areas. Quart.journal Admin. (University of Ife), 10 (4), 423-435.
Gallant, J. C., Wilson, J. P. 2000. Primary topographic attributes. In Wilson, J.P., Gallant, J.C. (Eds.), Terrain Analysis, Principles and Applications. New York: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 51–85.
Gelumbauskaitė, L. Z. 2010. Palaeo–Nemunas delta history during the Holocene time. Baltica, 23 (2): 109–116.
Gessler, P., Pike, R., MacMillan, R. A., Hengl, T., Reuter, H. I. 2009. In: Hengl, Reuter (Eds.), The Future of Geomorphometry, p. 637–651.
Goudie, A. S. 2005. The drainage of Africa since the Cretaceous. Geomorphology, 67, 437–456.
Hengl, T., & Reuter, H. I. (eds) 2009. Geomorphometry: Concepts, Software, Applications. Developments in Soil Science, vol. 33, Elsevier, 772 pp.
Hofierka, J., Mitasova, H., & Neteler, M. 2009. In: Hengl, Reuter (Eds.), Geomorphometry in GRASS GIS, pp. 387–410.
Isola, I., Bini, M., Ribolini, A., Zanchetta, G. & D’Agata, A. L. 2017. Geomorphology of the Ceyhan River lower plain (Adana Region, Turkey). Journal of Maps, 13 (2): 133–141.
Jordan, G., Meijninger, B. M. L., van Hinsbergen, D. J. J. Meulenkamp, J. E., van Dijk, P. M. 2005. Extraction of morphotectonic features from DEMs: Development and applications for study areas in Hungary and NW Greece. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 7, 163–182.
Khadri, S. F. R., Thakare, S., Armal, P. (2015). Geomorphological study of Amravati Tehsil, District Amravati, Maharashtra using remote sensing and GIS techniques. International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication, 3 (2): 125 – 129.
Kuenzer, C., van Beijma, S., Gessner, U., Dech, S. 2014. Land surface dynamics and environmental challenges of the Niger Delta, Africa: Remote sensing-based analyses spanning three decades (1986–2013). Applied Geography, 53, 354–368.
Lecours, V., Dolan, M. F. J., Micallef, A., Lucieer, V. L. 2016. A review of marine geomorphometry, the quantitative study of the seafloor. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 3207–3244.
Marston, B. E., Jenny, B. 2015. Improving the representation of major landforms in analytical relief shading. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 29 (7), 1144–1165.
Minár, J., Evans, I. S., Krcho J. 2013. Geomorphometry: Quantitative land-surface analysis. In: Schroder JF (Ed.) Treatise on Geomorphology. Academic Press: San Diego, p. 22-34.
Odunuga, S., Oyebande, L. 2007. Change detection and hydrological implication in the Lower Ogun flood plain, SW Nigeria. In Owe, M and Neale, C. (eds). Remote Sensing for Environmental Monitoring and Change Detection. IAHS Publ. 316, IAHS Press, Wallingford Pp 91-99.
Odunuga, S., Ajijola, A., Aiyede, P., Delima, T. & Akpan A. (2013) Geomorphic mapping and human activities along the Nigeria southwestern coastline In Gordon Young & Gerardo M. E. Perillo (eds). Deltas:Landforms, Ecosystems and Human Activities. IAHS Publ. 358, ISBN 0144-7815, IAHS Press, Wallingford p. 116-123
Odunuga, S., Omojola, A., Oyebande, L. 2011. Urban land use dynamics of system 6c watershed, Lagos, Nigeria, Lagos Jour. of Geo-Information. Sci., Volume 1 (1) Pp 7-18.
Palmtag, J., Cable, S., Christiansen, H. H. Hugelius, G., Kuhry, P. (2017). Improved landscape partitioning and estimates of deep storage of soil organic carbon in the Zackenberg area (NE Greenland) using a geomorphological landform approach. The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2017-255.
Reijers, T. A. J. (2011). Stratigraphy and sedimentology of the Niger Delta. Geologos, 17(3): 133–162.
Ruszkiczay-Rudiger, Z., Fodor, L., Hovath, E., Telbisz, T., 2009. Discrimination of fluvial, eolian and neotectonic features in a low hilly landscape: a DEM-based morphotectonic analysis in the Central Pannonian Basin, Hungary. Geomorphology, 104, 203–217.
Schillaci, C., Braun, A., Kropáček, J. 2015. Section 2.4.2: Terrain analysis and landform recognition. In Cook, S. J., Clarke, L. E. & Nield, J. M. (Eds.) Geomorphological Techniques, (Online Edition). British Society for Geomorphology; London, UK. ISSN: 2047-0371.
Sexton, W. J., Murday, M. 1994. The morphology and sediment character of the coastline of Nigeria-the Niger delta. Journal of Coastal Research, 10 (4): 959-977.
Short, K. C., Staeuble, A. J. 2004. Outline of geology of Niger delta. AAPG Bulletin, 51(5): 761–799.
Shroder, J. F. 2013. Ground, aerial, and satellite photography for Geomorphology and geomorphic change. In: Shroder, J. and Bishop, M.P. (Ed.) Remote Sensing and GIScience in Geomorphology, San Diego: Academic Press, Vol 3 Pp 25–42.
Sivakumar V. 2015. Geological, geomorphological and lineament mapping through remote sensing and GIS techniques, in parts of Madurai, Ramanathapuram and Tiruchirappalli districts of Tamil Nadu. International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences, 6 (3): 1669 – 1675.
Temovski, M., Milevski, I. 2015. DEM based geomorphometric analyses of karst surface in the Republic of Macedonia. In Jasiewicz, J., Zwoliński, Z., Mitasova, H., & Hengl, T. (Ed). Geomorphometry for Geosciences. Bogucki Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Poznań p. 65–68.
Tucker, G. E., Hancock, G. R. 2010. Modeling landscape evolution. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 35, 28–50.
Ventura, S. J., Irvin, B. J. 2000. Automated landform classification methods for soil-landscape studies. In Wilson, J.P., Gallant, J.C. (Eds.), Terrain Analysis, Principles and Applications. New York: John Wiley & Sons, pp 245–294.
Wright, J. B., Hastings, D. A., Jones, W. B., Williams, H. R. 1985. Geology and mineral resources of West Africa. London: George Allen & Unwin. 187 p.
Yan, X., Su, X. G. 2009. Linear Regression Analysis: Theory and Computing. Published by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. 348 p.
Zhang, Y., Zhang, Z., He, H., Chen Y., Jiang S., Ren H. 2017. Processes of small-scale tidal flat accretion and salt marsh changes on the plain coast of Jiangsu Province, China. Acta Oceanol. Sin. 36 (4): 80–86. DOI: 10.1007/s13131-017-0971-9.
