TIME-COURSE EFFECTS OF LOW-LEVELS ARSENIC ON ELECTROLYTES AND LIPIDS IN MALE ALBINO RATS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51406/jnset.v17i1.1896Keywords:
organic arsenate, lipids, electrolytes, renal, brain, hepatic, cardiac, tissuesAbstract
his study was conducted to investigate the time-course effects of low levels of organic arsenic on electrolytes balance and lipid profiles in different organs of male rats. Animals were exposed to arsenic (As) as Dimethylarsenate (DMA) in their drinking water for 5, 10 and 15 weeks at doses 20 and 40 ppm. Lipids (Triacylglycerol (TAG), total cholesterol, phospholipids) and electrolytes (sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium) levels were determined in the hepatic, renal, brain and cardiac tissues of experimental animals. Potassium significantly (p<0.05) increased in the hepatic, renal and cardiac tissues after 5 weeks exposure to 40 ppm arsenic. Significant (p<0.05) increase observed in hepatocytes calcium level was shown to be dose-dependent. While there was no observed significant (p>0.05) difference in hepatic and renal magnesium after 15 weeks exposure, magnesium significantly altered in the brain and cardiac tissues after 15 weeks. TAG concentration in most of the organs studied was significantly (p<0.05) altered after 5 weeks exposure to 20 ppm arsenic. Phospholipids in the renal and hepatic tissues were also significantly (p<0.05) decreased after 15 weeks of exposure to As. However, only in the renal tissues was hypocholesterolemia observed in 40 ppm groups at 5, 10 and 15 weeks of exposure. Our findings indicate exposure to progressively low-levels arsenic can result in electrolytes imbalance and dyslipidemia in different organs in rats.
References
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Valko, M., Jomova, K., Rhodes, C. J., Kuca, K., Musilek, K. 2016. Redox and non-redox metal induced formation of free radicals and role in human disease. Archives of Toxicology, 90 (1): 1-37.
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Ajai, K. S., Rubi, R., Nobuo, S., Diwakar, M., Sunil, K. 2013. Effects of arsenate and selenite on plasma electrolytes of fresh water fish. International Aquatic Research, 5:4-10.
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Anand, S., Saxena, P. N. 2015. Electrolyte imbalance under stress of arsenic trioxide;its amelioration by Curcuma aromaticleaf extract in albino rat. European Journal of Biotechnology and Bioscience, 3 (4): 19-21.
Balakumar, P., Kaur, J. 2009. Arsenic exposure and cardiovascular diseases: An overview. Cardiovascular Toxicology, 9(4): 169-176.
Bambino, K., Zhang, C., Austin, C., Amarasiriwardena, C., Arora, M., Chu, J., Sadler. K. C. 2017. Inorganic arsenic causes fatty liver and interacts with ethanol to cause alcoholic liver disease in zebrafish. Disease Models and Mechanisms, 11:1-13.
Bucolo, G., David, H. 1973. Quantitative determination of serum triglycerides by the use of enzymes. Clinical Chemistry,19: 476-482.
Chandrakar, V., Yadu, B.,KumarMeena, R Dubey., A. and Keshavkant., S. 2017. Arsenic-induced genotoxic responses and their amelioration by diphenylene iodonium, 24-epibrassinolide and proline in Glycine max L.Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 112:74-86.
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Chromya, V., Svoboda, V., Tepanova, I. 1973. Spectrophotometric determination of magnesium in biological fluids with xylidyl blue II. Biochemical Medicine, 7(2): 208-217.
Cohen, S.M., Arnold, L.L., Eldan, M., Lewis, A.S., Beck, B.D. 2006. Methylated arsenicals: the implications of metabolism and carcinogenicity studies in rodents to human risk assessment. Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 36: 99-133.
Criqui, M. H. 1994. Very low cholesterol and cholesterol lowering. Leaflet 71-0059. American Heart Association.
Diaz-Villasenor, A., Burns, A.L., Hiriart, M., Cebrian, M.E., Ostrosky-Wegman, P. 2007. Arsenic-induced alteration in the expression of gene related to type 2 diabetes mellitus. Toxicological Applied Pharmacology, 225: 123-133.
Eckstein, M., Eleazar, R., Rea, M., Fondufe-Mittendorf, Y. 2017. Epigenomic reprogramming in inorganic arsenic-mediated gene expression pattern during carcinogenesis. Reviews in Environmental Health, 32 (1-2):93-107.
Folch, J., Lees, M., Stanley, G. H. S. 1957. A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues. TheJournal of Biological Chemistry, 226: 497-509.
Ghulam A., Behzad M., Irshad B., Muhammad S., Nabeel K. N.,, Muhammad I. K., Muhammad A., Munawar H., Natasha. D. 2018. Arsenic Uptake, Toxicity, Detoxification, and Speciation in Plants: Physiological, Biochemical and Molecular Aspects. Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,15:1-45.
Gorby, M. S. 1988. Arsenic Poisoning. Western Journal of Medicine, 149: 308-315.
Grau-Perez, M., Kuo. C.,Spratlen, M., Thayer, K. A., Mendes, M.A., Hamman. R. F., Debelea, D. 2017. The association of arsenic exposure and metabolism with type 1 and type 2 diabetes in youth: the SEARCH case-study control study. Diabetes Care, 40 (1):46-53.
Gresser, M. J. 1981. ADP-arsenate. Formation by sub-mitochondria particles under phosphorylating conditions. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 256(12): 5981-5983.
Hays, V. W., Swenson, M. J. 1985. Minerals and Bones: In: Dukes’ Physiology of Domestic Animals, 10th Edition. Pp. 449-466.
Hong, Y. S., Song, K. H., Chung, J. Y. 2014. Health effects of chronic arsenic exposure. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, 47: 245-252.
Hsueh, Y. M.., Wu, W. L., Huang, Y. L., Chiou, H. Y., Tseng, C. H., Chen, C. J. 1998. Low serum carotene level and increased risk: of ischemic heart disease related to long-term arsenic exposure.Atherosclerosis,141(2): 249-257.
Izah, S. C., Srivastav, A. L. 2015. Level of arsenic in potable water sources in Nigeria and their potential health impacts. Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques, 3 (1): 15-24.
Kuroda, K., Yoshida, K., Yoshimura, M., Endo, Y., Wanibuchi, H., Fukushima, S. Endo, G. 2004. Microbial metabolite of dimethyl arsenic acid is highly toxic and genotoxic. Toxicological Applied Pharmacology, 198: 345-353.
Liu, J., Waalkes, M. P. 2008. Liver is a Target of Arsenic Carcinogenesis. Toxicological Sciences, 105 (1): 24-32.
Liu, X., Sun, B., Wang, X., Nie, J., Chen, Z., An, Y., Tong. J. 2016. Synergistic effect of radon and sodium arsenate on DNA damage in HBE cells. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology,41:127-131.
Malhotra, V. K. 1998. Biochemistry for students. Tenth-Edition. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd., New Dehli, India.
Mandal, P. 2017. An insight of environmental contamination of arsenic in animal health. Emerging Contaminants, 3 (1):17-22.
Miller, W. H. J., Schipper, H. M., Lee, J. S., Singer, J. Waxman, S. 2002. Mechanism of action of arsenic trioxide. Cancer Resource, 62: 3893-3903.
Monrad, M., Ersboll, A.K., Sorensen, M., Baastrup, R., Hansen, B., Gammelmark, A., Tjonneland, A., Overvad, K., Raaschou-Nielsen, O. 2017. Low-level arsenic in drinking water and risk of incident myocardial infarction: A cohort study. Environmental Research,154:318-324.
Murray, R. K., Granner, D. K., Mayes, P. A. Rodwell, V. W. 2000. Harper’s Biochemistry. (Alange Medical Book) Appleton and Lange, pp 649-664.
Mushtaq, T., Javed, M., Abbas, S. 2017. Peroxidase Activity in Liver and Kidney of Labeo rohita exposed to Zinc Chloride. Pakistan Journal of Zoological Society, 49(6): 2335-2337
Navas-Acien, A., Sharrett, A. R., Silbergeld, E. K., Schwartz, B. S., Nachman, K. E., Burke, T. A., Guallar, E. 2005. Arsenic exposure and cardiovascular disease: a systematic review of the epidemiologic evidence. American Journal of Epidemiology, 162: 1037-1049.
Obinaju, B. E. 2009. Mechanisms of arsenic toxicity and carcinogenesis. African Journal of Biochemistry Research, 3(5): 232-237.
Rahman, M., Tondel, M., Ahmad, S. A, Chowdhury, I. A., Faruquee, M. H, Axelson, O. 1999. Hypertension and arsenic exposure in Bangladesh. Hypertension, 33:74-78.
Rajani G., Purnima A. 2009. In-vitro antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic activities of Bauhinia variegata Linn. IndianJournal of Pharmacology, 41: 227-232.
Ravenscroft, P., Brammer, H., Richards, K. S. 2009. Arsenic Pollution: A Global Synthesis. Wiley-Blackwell, West Sussex. Pp.579
Rogers, J. T., Richards, J. G., Wood, C. M. 2003. Ionoregulatory disruption as the acute toxic mechanism for lead in the rainbow trout. Aquatic Toxicology, 16: 215-234.
Sanjib, S., Sajal, R. 2013. Sub-lethal Effect of Arsenic on Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Status in Scylla serrate. Soil Air Water,42(6): 1216-1222.
Schnellmann, R. G., Kelly, K. J. 2008. Pathophysiology of nephrotoxic acute renal failure. In: Atlas of kidney diseases, Blackwell publisher, Colorado 15:1-15.
Shafaq, N., Tabassum, M. 2008. Protective role of sodium selenium on cisplatin-induced oxidative and renal stress. Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 4 (1): 5-12.
Stewart, J. C. M. 1980. Colourimetric determination of phospholipids with ammonium ferrothiocyanate. Analytical Biochemistry, 104: 10-14.
Taber, C. W., Venes, D. 2009. Taber’s cyclopedia medical dictionary. F A Davis Co 1018-1023.
Terri, A. E., Sesin, P. G. 1958. Determination of serum potassium by using sodium tetraphenylboro method. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 29 (1):86─90.
Tietz, N. W. 1995. Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry, W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, P.A. Pp. 874.
Trinder, P. 1951. A rapid method for the determination of sodium in serum. Analyst, 76: 596-599.
Tseng, C. H., Chong, C. K., Tseng, C. P., Hsueh, Y. M., Chiou, H. Y., Tseng, C. C., Chen, C. J. 2003. Long-term arsenic exposure and ischemic heart disease in arseniasis-hyperendemic villages in Taiwan. Toxicological Letter, 137: 15-21.
Tseng, W. P., Chu, H. M., Huw, S. W., Fong, J. M., Lin, C. S., Yeh, S. 1968. Prevalence of skin cancer in an endemic area of chronic arsenicism in Taiwan. Journal of National Cancer Institute, 40: 453-463.
Tyler, R. C., Allain, A. M. 2014. The effects of Arsenic exposure on neurological and cognitive dysfunction in human and rodent studies. A review. Current environmental Health Reports,1 (2): 132-147.
Ucuncu, S. I., Anvarifar, H., Amirkolaie, A. K., Paknejad, H., Sayed, H. A., Ourajia, H., Ceci, M., Romana, N. E. 2018. Environmental pollution and toxic substances: cellular apoptosis as a key parameter in a sensible model like-fish. Aquatic Toxicology,204:144-159.
Valko, M., Jomova, K., Rhodes, C. J., Kuca, K., Musilek, K. 2016. Redox and non-redox metal induced formation of free radicals and role in human disease. Archives of Toxicology, 90 (1): 1-37.
Valudnia, A., Vander Voet, G.B., De Wolf, F. A. 2007. Arsenic neurotoxicity. A review. Human and Experimental Toxicology, 26: 823-832.
Vizcaya-Ruiz, A., Barbier, R., Ruiz-Ramos, O., Cebrian, E. 2009.Biomarkers of oxidative stress and damage inhuman populations exposed to arsenic.Mutation Research, 674, (1-2): 85–92.
Vuyyuri, S. B., Ishaq, M., Kuppala, D., Grover, P., Ahuja, Y.R. 2006. Evaluation of micronucleus frequencies and DNA damage in glass workers exposed to Arsenic. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, 47: 562-570.
Wang. C. H., Jeng, J. S., Yip, P. K., Chen. C. L., Hsu, L. I., Hsueh. Y. M., Chiou, H.Y., Wu, M. M., Chen, C. J. 2002. Biological gradient between long-term arsenic exposure and carotid atherosclerosis. Citation,105 (15): 1804-1809.
