MYCOBURDEN OF TOMATO (Lycopersicum esculentum MILL), INOCULATION-INDUCED MYCOTOXIN PRODUCTION AND CONTROL BY PASSIVE MODIFIED ATMOSPHERE
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51406/jnset.v16i2.1849Keywords:
Deterioration, Modified atmosphere, Mycotoxin, Neurotoxicity, Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum)Abstract
The effect of fungi of tomato fruits (Lycopersicum esculentum) were investigated at Ijebu-Ode, south western Nigeria. Aspergillus niger, Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizopus stolonifer and Curvularia species were isolated from deteriorating tomato and used for inoculating fresh and healthy tomato samples. The isolates (Aspergillus niger, Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizopus stolonifer and Curvularia species) were then inoculated separately into healthy tomato samples. Storage of samples in modified atmospheres and the effects of inoculation on quality changes were also evaluated. Modified atmospheres designed by packing the samples inside a polythene bag of 12μm thickness significantly maintained the quality of the samples compared with the controls. The isolates were then evaluated for mycotoxin production using thin layer chromatography and mycotoxigenic potential was assessed by animal feeding trial using rats of the wistar strain fed orally with different concentrations of the mycotoxin extracts. Mycotoxins were detected from tomato samples inoculated with Rhizopus, Aspergillus and Fusarium species, before and after autoclaving for 15 min at 121oC. Experimental rats fed on mycotoxin extracts developed symptoms of neurotoxicity. Most of the fungal isolates showed great potential for mycotoxin production, which is of concern in public health. Modified atmosphere created by using sterile polythene bags of different thicknesses is therefore recommended for control of fungi infection of tomato fruits and extension of shelf life.
References
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Udo, S.E., Madunagu, B.E., Isemin, C.D. 2000. Inhibition of Growth and Sporulation of Fungal Pathogens on Sweet potato and Yam by Garlic Extract. Nigerian Journal of Botany 14:35-39.
Ugwuanyi, J.O., Obeta, J.A.N. 1997. Some pectinolytic and cellulolytic enzyme activities of fungi causing rots of cocoyams. Journal of the Science of Food Agriculture 73: 432-436.
Wamache, A. 2005. Vegetable seeds handbook. Regina seeds Seminis. Printed by Bizone Ltd. Nairobi, Kenya. pp.23-25.
Wills, R. H., Lee, T. H., Graham, D., Mcglassom, W. B., Hall, E. G. 1981. An Introduction to the physiology and handling of fruits and vegetables. London, pp. 432-438.
Wisniewski, M. E., Wilson, C. L. 1992. Biological control of post-harvest diseases of fruits and vegetables. Recent Advances in Horticultural Science 27:94-98.
Arinze, A.E. 1985. The Action of Polygalacturonase and Cellulose Enzymes of B. theobromaeon Yams and Sweet potatoes. Phytopathological 144:234-242.
Baiyewu, R.A., Amusa, N.A., Ayoola, O.A., Babalola, O.O. 2007. Survey of the post- harvest diseases and aflatoxin contamination of marketed pawpaw Fruit (Carica papaya L) in South Western Nigeria. African Journal of Agricultural Research 2: 178-181.
Barnett, H.L., Hunter, B.B.1972. Illustrated Genera of Imperfect Fungi. 3rd ed. Burgress, Minnesota.
Bihn, E.A., Gravani, R.B. 2006. Role of good Agricultural practices in fruit and Vegetable safety. In: Microbiology of fresh Produce (edited by K.R. Mathews). ASM press, Washington D.C. 328pp.
Data, E.S., Diamente, J.C., Eronico, P.S. 1987. Post-harvest Handling and Storability of Sweet potato Roots. International Sweet Potato, Workshop. Visayas State College of Agriculture, Philippines.19pp.
Efiuvwevwere, B.J.O. 2000. Microbial spoilage agents of tropical and assorted fruits and vegetables: an illustrated reference book. Paragraphies Publishing company. Port Harcourt, Nigeria. 33-37pp.
Erinle, I.D. 1989. Present status and prospect for increased production of tomato and pepper in Northern Nigeria. Procedure of international symposium. Integrated Management Practices. AVRD, Tainan, Taiwan. 27pp.
Hui, Y.H. 1992. Encyclopaedia of Food Science and Technology, Vol. 3.Wiley, New York.
James, C. 1971. A Manual of Assessment Keys for Plant Disease. Canada Department of Agriculture Publication No. 1458.12pp.
Jay, J.M. 1992. Modern Food Microbiology, 4th ed. Van Nostrand, New York. Pp. 1-330.
Kader, A.A. 1992. Post-harvest Technology of Horticultural Crops, 2nd ed. Publication 3311. University of California, Division of Agricultural and Natural Resources, Oakland, CA. 455pp.
Kimura, S., Sinha, N. 2008. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum): A model fruit Bearing crop. CSH Protocol. DOI: 10.1101/pdb.emo 105.
Lingk, W. 1991. Health risk evaluation of pesticides contamination in drinking water. American Chemical Society 43: 21-25.
Mbakwem-Aniebo. C. 2010. Essentials of medical mycology. Pearl publishers, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. pp. 11- 13.
Muhammad, S., Shehu, K., Amusa, N.A. 2004.Survey of the market diseases and aflaxtoxin contamination of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) fruits in Sokoto, North Western Nigeria. Nutrition and Food Science 34: 72-76.
Mujib, U. R., Naushad, K., Inayatullah, J. 2007. Post-harvest losses of tomato crop. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture 23(4): 1279.
Ogundana, S.k. 1993. Storage rot of yam tubers in Nigeria. Advances in yam research. 2: 124-134
Onifade, A., Atum, H.N., Adebolu, T.T. 2004. Nutrition Enrichment of Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas L) by Solid Substrate fermentation using Four Fungal species. Global Journal of Pure Applied Science 10:31-36.
Onuegbu, B. A. 2002. Fundamentals of Crop Protection. Agro Services Consultancy and Extention Unit, Faculty of Agriculture, River State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. pp.135-143.
Prasad, T. 1992. Plant pathogenesis and disease control. Plant Disease 56:367-365.
Ramazani, H. P., Batish, D. R., Dragan, J. S. 2002. Fungicidal effects of volatile oils from Eucalyptus citridera and its major constituents Citronellal. A paper presented at the 55th conference proceedings, New Zealand and Plant Protection Society Incorporated. Pp. 327-330.
Rice, R. W., Rice, L. W., Tindall, H. D. 1993. Fruit and vegetable production in warm climates. Macmillan Press, London. pp. 222-230.
Rosslenbroich, H. J., Stuebler, D. Q. 2000.Botrytis cinerea– History of chemical control and novel fungicides for its management. Crop Protection Journal 19:557-561.
Sage, L., Krivobok, S., Delbos, E., Seigle-Murandi, F., Creppy, E.E. 2002. Fungal flora and ochratoxinA production in grapes and musts from France. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 50:1306-1311.
Samson, R.A., Van Reenen-Hoekstra, E.S. 1988. Introduction to food-borne fungi.3rd ed. Centraalbureauvoor Schimmel cultures. Baarn. The Netherlands. pp. 1-15.
Singh, A. 1983.Mycotoxin contamination in dry fruits and spices. In: (Bilgrami, K.S., Prasad, T., Sinha, K.K. eds.) Proceedings of international symposium on mycotoxin in food and feed, Allied press, Bhegalpur. pp. 55-68.
Smith, J.E., Solomon, G.L., Lewis, C.W., Anderson, J.G. 1994. Mycotoxin in human nutrition and health. Agroindustrial research division. European Commission, Brussels. pp. 6-7.
Snowdon, A.L. 1991. A Color Atlas of Post-harvest Diseases and Disorders of Fruits and Vegetables,Vol. 2: Vegetables. Wolfe Scientific, Aylesbury, UK. Pp. 2-15
Sodeinde, O., Chan, C.K., Maxwell, J., Familusi, B., Hendrickse, R.G. 1995. Neonatal jaundice aflatoxins and naphathols: report of a study of Ibadan, Nigeria. Annals Tropical Paediatrics15:107-113.
Sozzi, G.O., Fraschina, A.A. 1997. Evaluation of sensory attributes and biochemical parameters in transgenic tomato fruit with reduced polygalacturonase activity. International Food Science Technolology 3:93-102.
Steel, R.G.D., Torries, J.H. 1990. Principles and Procedures of Statistics. McGraw Hill Book Company Inc. New York, USA. pp. 152-171.
Stinson, E. E., Osman, S. F., Heisler, E. G., Sicihano, J., Bill, D. D. 1981. Mycotoxin production in whole tomatoes, apples, oranges and lemons. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 29:790-792.
Udo, S.E., Madunagu, B.E., Isemin, C.D. 2000. Inhibition of Growth and Sporulation of Fungal Pathogens on Sweet potato and Yam by Garlic Extract. Nigerian Journal of Botany 14:35-39.
Ugwuanyi, J.O., Obeta, J.A.N. 1997. Some pectinolytic and cellulolytic enzyme activities of fungi causing rots of cocoyams. Journal of the Science of Food Agriculture 73: 432-436.
Wamache, A. 2005. Vegetable seeds handbook. Regina seeds Seminis. Printed by Bizone Ltd. Nairobi, Kenya. pp.23-25.
Wills, R. H., Lee, T. H., Graham, D., Mcglassom, W. B., Hall, E. G. 1981. An Introduction to the physiology and handling of fruits and vegetables. London, pp. 432-438.
Wisniewski, M. E., Wilson, C. L. 1992. Biological control of post-harvest diseases of fruits and vegetables. Recent Advances in Horticultural Science 27:94-98.
