RISK SURVEILLANCE OF MULTIDRUG RESISTANT PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA IN WATER AND PLASMID RELATEDNESS WITH CLINICAL STRAINS IN ABEOKUTA, SOUTHWEST NIGERIA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51406/jnset.v13i1.1488Keywords:
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, multidrug resistance, drinking water, recreational water, Plasmid profileAbstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa as an opportunistic pathogen has been a subject of investigation due its intrinsic drug resistance.ª¤?ª¤? Its frequent presence in drinking, domestic and recreational water highlights its significance to public health.ª¤?ª¤? This study was aimed at risk surveillance of multidrug resistant environmental P. aeruginosa in water and their plasmid relatedness with clinical strains in Abeokuta, southwestern Nigeria.ª¤?ª¤? A total of forty-one (41) strains with prevalence: well water (29.3%); swimming pool (22.0%) hospital storage tank (19.5%); tap water (14.6%); sachet water (12.2%); and bottled water (2.4%) respectively were isolated from two hundred and eighty eight (288) water samples and were compared with 43 clinical strains from wound (37.3%), blood (11.6%), ear swab (20.9%)ª¤? and urine (20.9%)ª¤? and eye swab (9.3%).ª¤?ª¤?ª¤?ª¤? Both environmental and clinical strains were all multidrug resistant, though with different plasmid profile.ª¤? Plasmid with molecular weight size of 2010bp was detected in only 1 (2.5%) out of the 41 environmental strains as against 9 (20.93%) of the 43 clinical strains having between 22520-23130bp molecular weight.ª¤? All strains harboring plasmid were resistant to varied types of more than seven drugs out of the eleven tested (gentamycin 10ª¤?g, erythromycin 15ª¤?g, ampicillin 10ª¤?g, augmentin 10ª¤?g, cotrimoxazole 25ª¤?g, tetracycline 30ª¤?g, streptomycin 10ª¤?g, ciprofloxacin 5ª¤?g, cloxacillin 5ª¤?g, amoxicillin 25ª¤?g, and cefuroxime 30ª¤?g). ª¤?Strains without plasmid were also multidrug resistant.ª¤? This finding would be important in the control of multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in Nigeria.
References
Adewoye S.O., Adewoye A.O. 2013. Studies on the bacteria isolated from potable water in Gambari, Southwestern, Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology 4 (5): 51-56.
Aeschlimann, J. 2003. The role of multidrug efflux pumps in the antibiotic resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other gram-negative bacteria. Pharmacotherapy 23: 916-924.
Agbagwa, O.E., Young -Harry, W.M. 2012. Health implications of some public swimming pools located in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Public Health Research 2(6): 190-196.
Ajayi, A.A., Sridhar, M.K.C., Adekunle L.V., Oluwande, P.A. 2008. Quality of packaged waters sold in Ibadan, Nigeria. African Journal of Biomedical Research 11: 251-258.
Akanji, B.O., Ajele, J.O., Onasanya, A., Oyelakin, O. 2011. Genetic fingerprinting of Pseudomonas aeruginosa involved in nosocomial infection as reveal by RAPD-PCR markers. Biotechnology 2:1-8.
Akingbade, O.A., Balogun, S.A., Ojo, D.A., Afolabi, R.O., Motayo, B.O., Okerentugba, P.O., Okonko, I.O. 2012. Plasmid profile analysis of multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from wound infections in South West, Nigeria. World Applied Sciences Journal 20 (6): 766-775.
Aliaga, L., Mediavilla, J.D., Cobo, F. 2002. A clinical index predicting mortality with Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteraemia. Journal of Medical Microbiology 51:615-619.
ASTM D5246-13, 2004. Standard Test Method for Isolation and Enumeration of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Water, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2004, www.astm.org
Aumeran, C., Paillard, C., Robin, F., Kanold, J., Baud, O., Bonnet, R., Souweine, B., Traore, O. 2007. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas putida outbreak associated with contaminated water outlets in an oncohaematology paediatric unit. Journal of Hospital Infection 65:47-53.
Barben, J., Hafen, G., Schmid, J. 2005. Pseudomonas aeruginosa in public swimming pools and bathroom water of patients with cystic fibrosis. Journal of Cystic Fibrosis 4: 227-231.
Baron, E.J., Jones, R.N. 2003. National survey of the vitro spectrum of piperacillin-tazobactam tested against more than 40,000 aerobic clinical isolates from 236 medical centers. Diagnostic Microbiology of Infectious Diseases 21(3): 141-151.
Bauer A.W., Kirby, W.M.M., Sherris, J.C., Turck, M. 1966. Antibiotic suceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method. American Journal of Clinical Pathology 45: 493-496.
Bello, O.O., Mabekoje, O.O., Egberongbe, H.O., Bello, T.K. 2012. Microbial qualities of swimming pools in Lagos, Nigeria. International Journal of Applied Science and Technology 2 (8): 89-96.
Bergmanns, D.C., Mare, J.J., Bonten, M.J.M., van Tiel, F.H., Gaillard, C.A., van der Geest, S., Wilting, R. M., de Leeuw, P.W., Stobberingh, E.E. 1998. Cross-contamination with Pseudomonas aeruginosa of patients in an intensive care unit. Thorax 53: 1053-1058.
Berrouane, Y.F., McNutt, L.A., Buschelman, B.J., Rhomberg, P.R., Sanford, M.D., Hollis, R.J., Pfaller, M.A., Herwaldt, L.A. 2000. Outbreak of severe Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections caused by a contaminated drain in a whirlpool bathtub. Clinical Infectious Disease 31: 1331-1337.
Bert, F., Maubec, E. Bruneau, B. Berry, P., Lambert-Zechovsky, N. 1998. Multi-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa outbreak associated with contaminated tap water in a neurosurgery intensive care unit. Journal of Hospital Infection 39:53-62.
Blondel-Hill, E., Henry, D.A., Speert, D.P. 2007. Pseudomonas. In: Manual of Clinical Microbiology. 9th edition. Murray, P.R., Baron, E.J., Jorgensen, J.H., Landry, M.L., Pfaller, M.A. (Eds.), Pp. 734-748. ASM Press: Washington, DC, USA.
Buttery, J.P., Alabaster, S. J., Heine, R.G. Scott, S.M., Crutchfield, R.A., Garland, S.M. 1998. Multiresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa outbreak in a pediatric oncology ward related to bath toys. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 17: 509-513.
Carmeli, Y., Troillet, N., Karchmer, A.W. Samore, M.H. 1999. Health and economic outcomes of antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Archives of Internal Medicine 159: 1127-1132.
Cervia, J.S., Ortolano, G.A., Canonica, F.P. 2008. Hospital tap water as a source of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia infection. Clinical Infectious Disease 46:1485-7.
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. 2008. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; eighteenth informational supplement (document M100-S18); The Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute: Wayne, PA, USA.
Daini, O.A., Charles-Onyeaghala, C.G. 2012. Plasmid- mediated aminoglycoside resistance of clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Global Advanced Research Journal of Microbiology 1(4): 052-056.
Daini, O.A., Effiong, M.J., Ogbolu, O.D. 2008. Quinolones Resistance and R-Plasmids of Clinical Isolates of Pseudomonas species. Sudan Journal of Medical Sciences 3:139-146.
Dulabon, L.M., LaSpina, M., Riddell, S.W., Kiska, D.L., Cynamon, M. 2009. Pseudomonas aeruginosa acute prostatitis and urosepsis after sexual relations in a hot tub. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 47: 1607-1608.
Edgeworth, J.D., Treacher, D.F., Eykyn, S.J. 1999. A 25-year study of nosocomial bactermia in an adult intensive care unit. Critical Care Medicine 27(8): 1421-1428.
Ehiaghe, F.A., Ehiaghe, I.J., Agbonlahor, D.E., Oviasogie, F.E., Etikerentse, S.M.O., Nwobu, R.A.U., Akinshipe, B.O., Ikusemore, A.I, Aladenika, S.T, Enwa, F.O. 2013. Plasmid Profiling and Curing Analysis of Fluoroquinolone Multidrug Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Benin City, Nigeria. Open Journal of Medical Microbiology 3: 201-205.
Gad, G.F., El-Domany, R.A., Zaki, S., Ashour, H.M. 2007. Characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from clinical and environmental samples in Minia, Egypt: prevalence, antibiogram and resistance mechanisms. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 60: 1010-1017.
Goldberg J.B. 2000. Pseudomonas: global bacteria. Trends in Microbiology 8:55-57.
Grisaru, G., Soen, L., Lerner, G., Keller, N., Berger, H., Passwell, H., Barzilai, A. 2000. Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia in children: analysis of trends in prevalence, antibiotic resistance and prognosis factors. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 19 (10): 959-963.
Hancock R.E. 1998. Resistance mechanisms in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other nonfermentative gram-negative bacteria. Clinical Infectious Diseases 27(Suppl. 1):S93-99.
Hardalo, C., Edberg, S.C. 1997. Pseudomonas aeruginosa: assessment of risk from drinking water. Critical Reviews in Microbiology 23(1):47-75.
Harris, A., Torres-Viera, C., Venkataraman, L., DeGirolami, P., Samore, M., Carmeli, Y. 1999. Epidemiology and clinical outcomes of patients with multiresistance Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Clinical Infectious Disease 28:1128-1133.
Hirulkar N.B., Soni, B. 2011. Incidence of Antibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from drinking water. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Archives 2(2): 724-733.
Itah, A.Y., Akpan, C.E. 2005. Potability of drinking water in an oil impacted community in southern Nigeria. Journal of Applied Science and Environmental Management 9 (1) 135-141.
Kato, K., Iwai, S., Kumasaka, K., Horikoshi, A., Inada, S., Inamatsu, T., Ono, Y., Nishiya, H., Hanatani, Y., Narita, T., Sekino, H., Hayashi, I. 2001. Survey of antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa by the Tokyo Johoku Association of Pseudomonas Studies. Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy 7: 258-262.
Kohlenberg, A., Weitzel-Kage, D., van der Linden, P., Sohr, D., Vªª¢ùgeler, S., Kola, A., Halle, E., Rªª?den, H., Weist, K.. 2010. Outbreak of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in a surgical intensive care unit. Journal of Hospital Infection 74 (4): 350-357.
Lateef, A., Kolawole, L.L., Agosu, S.O. 2012. Quality Assessment of Some Groundwater Samples in Ogbomoso Metropolis, Southwest Nigeria. Journal of Environment and Earth Science 2 (6): 39-49.
Lister, P.D., Wolter, D.J., Hanson, N.D. 2009. Antibacterial-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Clinical impact and complex regulation of chromosomally encoded resistance mechanisms. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 22: 582-610.
Lutz, J.K., Lee, J. 2011. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in swimming pools and hot tubs. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 8(2): 554-564.
Mena, K.D., Gerba, C.P. 2009. Risk assessment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in water. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 201:71-115.
Micek S.T., Lloyd, A.E., Ritchie, D.J., Reichley, R.M., Fraser V.J., Kollef, M.H. 2005. Pseudomonas aeruginosa bloodstream infection: Importance of appropriate initial antimicrobial treatment. Antimicrobial Agent and Chemotherapy 49: 1306-1311.
Moore J.E., Heaney, N., Millar, B.C., Crowe, M., Elborn, J.S. 2002. Incidence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in recreational and hydrotherapy pools. Communicable Disease and Public Health 5:23-26.
Moritz, M.M., Flemming, H.C., Wingender, J. 2010. Integration of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Legionella pneumophila in drinking water biofilms grown on domestic plumbing materials. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 213: 190-197.
Muazu, J., Muhammad-Biu, A., Mohammed, G.T. 2012. Microbial Quality of Packaged Sachet Water Marketed in Maiduguri Metropolis, North Eastern Nigeria. British Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology 3(1): 33-38.
Nagao, M., Iinuma, Y., Igawa, J., Saito, T., Yamashita, K., Kondo, T., Matsushima, A., Takakura, S. Takaori-Kondo, A., Ichiyama, S. 2011. Control of an outbreak of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a haemato-oncology unit. Journal of Hospital Infection 79 (1): 49-53.
Odeyemi, A.T., Akinjogunla, O.J., Ojo, M.A. 2011. Bacteriological, physicochemical and mineral studies of water samples from artesian bore-hole, spring and hand dug well located at Oke-Osun, Ikere-Ekiti, Nigeria. Archives of Applied Science Research 3 (3):94-108.
Oduyebo O., Ogunsola F.T., Odugbemi, T. 1997. Prevalence of multiresistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital from 1994-1996. Nigeria Quarterly Journal of Hospital Medicine 7:373-376.
Ogbolu, D.O., Ogunledun, A., Adebiyi, O.E., Daini, O.A., Terry, A.O.A. 2008. Antibiotic susceptibility Patterns of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to available antipseudomonal drugs in Ibadan, Nigeria. African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 37:339-344.
Okesola, A.O., Oni, A.A. 2012. Occurrence of extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains in south west Nigeria. Research Journal of Medical Sciences 6(3): 93-96.
Okonko, I.O. Adejoye, O.D. Ogunnusi, T.A., Fajobi, E.A., Shittu, O.B. 2008. Microbiological and Physicochemical Analysis of Different Water Samples Used For Domestic Purposes In Abeokuta and Ojota Lagos State, Nigeria. African Journal of Biotechnology 7 (5) 617-621. Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB.
Olayinka, A.T., Olayinka, B.O., Onile, B.A. 2009. Antibiotic Susceptibility and Plasmid pattern of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from the surgical unit of a University Teaching Hospital in North Central, Nigeria. International Journal of Medical and Medical Sciences1:79-83.
Pitten, F.-A., Panzig, B., Schrªª¢ùder, G., Tietze, K ., Kramer, A. 2001. Transmission of a multiresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain at a German University Hospital. Journal of Hospital Infection 47 (2): 125«¤??130.
Popoola, T.O.S., Shittu, O.B., Lemo, O.O. 2007. Physico-Chemical Changes and Bacteriological Deterioration of Potable Water with Long Term Storage. Asset Series B 6 (1): 51-59.
Reuter, S., Sigge, A., Wiedeck, H., Trautmann, M. 2002. Analysis of transmission pathways of Pseudomonas aeruginosa between patients and tap water outlets. Critical Care Medicine 30: 2222-2228.
Richard, P., Le Floch, R. Chamoux, C., Pannier, M. Espaze, E., Richet, H. 1994. Pseudomonas aeruginosa outbreak in a burn unit: role of antimicrobials in emergence of multiply resistant strains. Journal of Infectious Diseases 170 (2):377-383.
Rigas F., Mavridou A., Zacharopoulos A. 1998. Water quality of swimming pools in Athens area. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 8:253«¤??260.
Rutala, W., Weber, D. 1997. Water as a reservoir of nosocomial pathogens. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 18:609-616.
Sakurai-Komada, N., Hirano, M., Nagata, I., Ejima, Y., Nakamura, M., Koike, K.A. 2006. Risk of transmission of imipenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa through use of mobile bathing service. Environmental Health Preventive Medicine 11: 31-37.
Salama, M.S., Abu Shady H. M., El-Gameal, M. M. B., El Anany, M.G., Abd-El-Rehem, G.M. 2012. Molecular Study on Relatedness between Clinical and Tap Water Isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Two Burn Units. Life Science Journal 9(1):662-666.
Shittu, O.B., Olaitan, J.O., Amusa T.S. 2008. Physico-Chemical and Bacteriological Analyses of Water Used For Drinking and Swimming Purposes in Abeokuta, Nigeria.
African Journal of Biomedical Research 11 (3): 285-290. Available online at http://www.ajbrui.com; http:// www.bioline.br/md.
Strateva, T., Yordanov, D. 2009. Pseudomonas aeruginosa - A phenomenon of bacterial resistance. Journal of Medical Microbiology 58: 1133-1148.
Sule, I.O., Agbabiaka, T.O., Akomolafe, A.V. 2011. Bacteriological quality of water stored exteriorly in storage tanks. Research Journal of Environmental Sciences 5(6): 603-610.
Tate D., Mawer, S., Newton, A. 2003. Outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa folliculitis associated with a swimming pool inflatable. Epidemiology and Infection 130:187«¤??192.
Tirodimos, M., Arvanitidou,T., Dardavessis, A., Bisiklis, A., Alexiou- Daniil, S. 2010. Prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from swimming pools in northern Greece. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 16 (7): 783-787.
Ukpong, E.C., Peter, B.U. 2012. Physico-chemical and bacteriological analyses of drinking water in Ibeno Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State. Nigerian Journal of Technology (NIJOTECH) 31(2):116-127.
Van Eldere, J. 2003. Multicentre surveillance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa susceptibility patterns in nosocomial infections. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 51:347«¤??352.
Waines, P. L., Moate, R., Moody, A. J., Allen, M., Bradley, G. 2011. The effect of material choice on biofilm formation in a model warm water distribution system. Biofouling 27:1161-74.
World Health Organization, 2003. World Health Organization Guideline for Drinking Water Quality, WHO, Geneva.
World Health Organization, 2004. Guidelines for drinking-water quality, 3rd ed., Vol. 1: Recommendations. Geneva, World Health Organization, Geneva.
Zichichi, L., Asta, G., Noto, G. 2000. Pseudomonas aeruginosa folliculitis after shower/bath exposure. Internaltional Journal of Dermatology 39: 270-273.
Aeschlimann, J. 2003. The role of multidrug efflux pumps in the antibiotic resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other gram-negative bacteria. Pharmacotherapy 23: 916-924.
Agbagwa, O.E., Young -Harry, W.M. 2012. Health implications of some public swimming pools located in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Public Health Research 2(6): 190-196.
Ajayi, A.A., Sridhar, M.K.C., Adekunle L.V., Oluwande, P.A. 2008. Quality of packaged waters sold in Ibadan, Nigeria. African Journal of Biomedical Research 11: 251-258.
Akanji, B.O., Ajele, J.O., Onasanya, A., Oyelakin, O. 2011. Genetic fingerprinting of Pseudomonas aeruginosa involved in nosocomial infection as reveal by RAPD-PCR markers. Biotechnology 2:1-8.
Akingbade, O.A., Balogun, S.A., Ojo, D.A., Afolabi, R.O., Motayo, B.O., Okerentugba, P.O., Okonko, I.O. 2012. Plasmid profile analysis of multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from wound infections in South West, Nigeria. World Applied Sciences Journal 20 (6): 766-775.
Aliaga, L., Mediavilla, J.D., Cobo, F. 2002. A clinical index predicting mortality with Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteraemia. Journal of Medical Microbiology 51:615-619.
ASTM D5246-13, 2004. Standard Test Method for Isolation and Enumeration of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Water, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2004, www.astm.org
Aumeran, C., Paillard, C., Robin, F., Kanold, J., Baud, O., Bonnet, R., Souweine, B., Traore, O. 2007. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas putida outbreak associated with contaminated water outlets in an oncohaematology paediatric unit. Journal of Hospital Infection 65:47-53.
Barben, J., Hafen, G., Schmid, J. 2005. Pseudomonas aeruginosa in public swimming pools and bathroom water of patients with cystic fibrosis. Journal of Cystic Fibrosis 4: 227-231.
Baron, E.J., Jones, R.N. 2003. National survey of the vitro spectrum of piperacillin-tazobactam tested against more than 40,000 aerobic clinical isolates from 236 medical centers. Diagnostic Microbiology of Infectious Diseases 21(3): 141-151.
Bauer A.W., Kirby, W.M.M., Sherris, J.C., Turck, M. 1966. Antibiotic suceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method. American Journal of Clinical Pathology 45: 493-496.
Bello, O.O., Mabekoje, O.O., Egberongbe, H.O., Bello, T.K. 2012. Microbial qualities of swimming pools in Lagos, Nigeria. International Journal of Applied Science and Technology 2 (8): 89-96.
Bergmanns, D.C., Mare, J.J., Bonten, M.J.M., van Tiel, F.H., Gaillard, C.A., van der Geest, S., Wilting, R. M., de Leeuw, P.W., Stobberingh, E.E. 1998. Cross-contamination with Pseudomonas aeruginosa of patients in an intensive care unit. Thorax 53: 1053-1058.
Berrouane, Y.F., McNutt, L.A., Buschelman, B.J., Rhomberg, P.R., Sanford, M.D., Hollis, R.J., Pfaller, M.A., Herwaldt, L.A. 2000. Outbreak of severe Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections caused by a contaminated drain in a whirlpool bathtub. Clinical Infectious Disease 31: 1331-1337.
Bert, F., Maubec, E. Bruneau, B. Berry, P., Lambert-Zechovsky, N. 1998. Multi-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa outbreak associated with contaminated tap water in a neurosurgery intensive care unit. Journal of Hospital Infection 39:53-62.
Blondel-Hill, E., Henry, D.A., Speert, D.P. 2007. Pseudomonas. In: Manual of Clinical Microbiology. 9th edition. Murray, P.R., Baron, E.J., Jorgensen, J.H., Landry, M.L., Pfaller, M.A. (Eds.), Pp. 734-748. ASM Press: Washington, DC, USA.
Buttery, J.P., Alabaster, S. J., Heine, R.G. Scott, S.M., Crutchfield, R.A., Garland, S.M. 1998. Multiresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa outbreak in a pediatric oncology ward related to bath toys. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 17: 509-513.
Carmeli, Y., Troillet, N., Karchmer, A.W. Samore, M.H. 1999. Health and economic outcomes of antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Archives of Internal Medicine 159: 1127-1132.
Cervia, J.S., Ortolano, G.A., Canonica, F.P. 2008. Hospital tap water as a source of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia infection. Clinical Infectious Disease 46:1485-7.
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. 2008. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; eighteenth informational supplement (document M100-S18); The Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute: Wayne, PA, USA.
Daini, O.A., Charles-Onyeaghala, C.G. 2012. Plasmid- mediated aminoglycoside resistance of clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Global Advanced Research Journal of Microbiology 1(4): 052-056.
Daini, O.A., Effiong, M.J., Ogbolu, O.D. 2008. Quinolones Resistance and R-Plasmids of Clinical Isolates of Pseudomonas species. Sudan Journal of Medical Sciences 3:139-146.
Dulabon, L.M., LaSpina, M., Riddell, S.W., Kiska, D.L., Cynamon, M. 2009. Pseudomonas aeruginosa acute prostatitis and urosepsis after sexual relations in a hot tub. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 47: 1607-1608.
Edgeworth, J.D., Treacher, D.F., Eykyn, S.J. 1999. A 25-year study of nosocomial bactermia in an adult intensive care unit. Critical Care Medicine 27(8): 1421-1428.
Ehiaghe, F.A., Ehiaghe, I.J., Agbonlahor, D.E., Oviasogie, F.E., Etikerentse, S.M.O., Nwobu, R.A.U., Akinshipe, B.O., Ikusemore, A.I, Aladenika, S.T, Enwa, F.O. 2013. Plasmid Profiling and Curing Analysis of Fluoroquinolone Multidrug Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Benin City, Nigeria. Open Journal of Medical Microbiology 3: 201-205.
Gad, G.F., El-Domany, R.A., Zaki, S., Ashour, H.M. 2007. Characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from clinical and environmental samples in Minia, Egypt: prevalence, antibiogram and resistance mechanisms. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 60: 1010-1017.
Goldberg J.B. 2000. Pseudomonas: global bacteria. Trends in Microbiology 8:55-57.
Grisaru, G., Soen, L., Lerner, G., Keller, N., Berger, H., Passwell, H., Barzilai, A. 2000. Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia in children: analysis of trends in prevalence, antibiotic resistance and prognosis factors. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 19 (10): 959-963.
Hancock R.E. 1998. Resistance mechanisms in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other nonfermentative gram-negative bacteria. Clinical Infectious Diseases 27(Suppl. 1):S93-99.
Hardalo, C., Edberg, S.C. 1997. Pseudomonas aeruginosa: assessment of risk from drinking water. Critical Reviews in Microbiology 23(1):47-75.
Harris, A., Torres-Viera, C., Venkataraman, L., DeGirolami, P., Samore, M., Carmeli, Y. 1999. Epidemiology and clinical outcomes of patients with multiresistance Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Clinical Infectious Disease 28:1128-1133.
Hirulkar N.B., Soni, B. 2011. Incidence of Antibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from drinking water. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Archives 2(2): 724-733.
Itah, A.Y., Akpan, C.E. 2005. Potability of drinking water in an oil impacted community in southern Nigeria. Journal of Applied Science and Environmental Management 9 (1) 135-141.
Kato, K., Iwai, S., Kumasaka, K., Horikoshi, A., Inada, S., Inamatsu, T., Ono, Y., Nishiya, H., Hanatani, Y., Narita, T., Sekino, H., Hayashi, I. 2001. Survey of antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa by the Tokyo Johoku Association of Pseudomonas Studies. Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy 7: 258-262.
Kohlenberg, A., Weitzel-Kage, D., van der Linden, P., Sohr, D., Vªª¢ùgeler, S., Kola, A., Halle, E., Rªª?den, H., Weist, K.. 2010. Outbreak of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in a surgical intensive care unit. Journal of Hospital Infection 74 (4): 350-357.
Lateef, A., Kolawole, L.L., Agosu, S.O. 2012. Quality Assessment of Some Groundwater Samples in Ogbomoso Metropolis, Southwest Nigeria. Journal of Environment and Earth Science 2 (6): 39-49.
Lister, P.D., Wolter, D.J., Hanson, N.D. 2009. Antibacterial-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Clinical impact and complex regulation of chromosomally encoded resistance mechanisms. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 22: 582-610.
Lutz, J.K., Lee, J. 2011. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in swimming pools and hot tubs. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 8(2): 554-564.
Mena, K.D., Gerba, C.P. 2009. Risk assessment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in water. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 201:71-115.
Micek S.T., Lloyd, A.E., Ritchie, D.J., Reichley, R.M., Fraser V.J., Kollef, M.H. 2005. Pseudomonas aeruginosa bloodstream infection: Importance of appropriate initial antimicrobial treatment. Antimicrobial Agent and Chemotherapy 49: 1306-1311.
Moore J.E., Heaney, N., Millar, B.C., Crowe, M., Elborn, J.S. 2002. Incidence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in recreational and hydrotherapy pools. Communicable Disease and Public Health 5:23-26.
Moritz, M.M., Flemming, H.C., Wingender, J. 2010. Integration of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Legionella pneumophila in drinking water biofilms grown on domestic plumbing materials. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 213: 190-197.
Muazu, J., Muhammad-Biu, A., Mohammed, G.T. 2012. Microbial Quality of Packaged Sachet Water Marketed in Maiduguri Metropolis, North Eastern Nigeria. British Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology 3(1): 33-38.
Nagao, M., Iinuma, Y., Igawa, J., Saito, T., Yamashita, K., Kondo, T., Matsushima, A., Takakura, S. Takaori-Kondo, A., Ichiyama, S. 2011. Control of an outbreak of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a haemato-oncology unit. Journal of Hospital Infection 79 (1): 49-53.
Odeyemi, A.T., Akinjogunla, O.J., Ojo, M.A. 2011. Bacteriological, physicochemical and mineral studies of water samples from artesian bore-hole, spring and hand dug well located at Oke-Osun, Ikere-Ekiti, Nigeria. Archives of Applied Science Research 3 (3):94-108.
Oduyebo O., Ogunsola F.T., Odugbemi, T. 1997. Prevalence of multiresistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital from 1994-1996. Nigeria Quarterly Journal of Hospital Medicine 7:373-376.
Ogbolu, D.O., Ogunledun, A., Adebiyi, O.E., Daini, O.A., Terry, A.O.A. 2008. Antibiotic susceptibility Patterns of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to available antipseudomonal drugs in Ibadan, Nigeria. African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 37:339-344.
Okesola, A.O., Oni, A.A. 2012. Occurrence of extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains in south west Nigeria. Research Journal of Medical Sciences 6(3): 93-96.
Okonko, I.O. Adejoye, O.D. Ogunnusi, T.A., Fajobi, E.A., Shittu, O.B. 2008. Microbiological and Physicochemical Analysis of Different Water Samples Used For Domestic Purposes In Abeokuta and Ojota Lagos State, Nigeria. African Journal of Biotechnology 7 (5) 617-621. Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB.
Olayinka, A.T., Olayinka, B.O., Onile, B.A. 2009. Antibiotic Susceptibility and Plasmid pattern of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from the surgical unit of a University Teaching Hospital in North Central, Nigeria. International Journal of Medical and Medical Sciences1:79-83.
Pitten, F.-A., Panzig, B., Schrªª¢ùder, G., Tietze, K ., Kramer, A. 2001. Transmission of a multiresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain at a German University Hospital. Journal of Hospital Infection 47 (2): 125«¤??130.
Popoola, T.O.S., Shittu, O.B., Lemo, O.O. 2007. Physico-Chemical Changes and Bacteriological Deterioration of Potable Water with Long Term Storage. Asset Series B 6 (1): 51-59.
Reuter, S., Sigge, A., Wiedeck, H., Trautmann, M. 2002. Analysis of transmission pathways of Pseudomonas aeruginosa between patients and tap water outlets. Critical Care Medicine 30: 2222-2228.
Richard, P., Le Floch, R. Chamoux, C., Pannier, M. Espaze, E., Richet, H. 1994. Pseudomonas aeruginosa outbreak in a burn unit: role of antimicrobials in emergence of multiply resistant strains. Journal of Infectious Diseases 170 (2):377-383.
Rigas F., Mavridou A., Zacharopoulos A. 1998. Water quality of swimming pools in Athens area. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 8:253«¤??260.
Rutala, W., Weber, D. 1997. Water as a reservoir of nosocomial pathogens. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 18:609-616.
Sakurai-Komada, N., Hirano, M., Nagata, I., Ejima, Y., Nakamura, M., Koike, K.A. 2006. Risk of transmission of imipenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa through use of mobile bathing service. Environmental Health Preventive Medicine 11: 31-37.
Salama, M.S., Abu Shady H. M., El-Gameal, M. M. B., El Anany, M.G., Abd-El-Rehem, G.M. 2012. Molecular Study on Relatedness between Clinical and Tap Water Isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Two Burn Units. Life Science Journal 9(1):662-666.
Shittu, O.B., Olaitan, J.O., Amusa T.S. 2008. Physico-Chemical and Bacteriological Analyses of Water Used For Drinking and Swimming Purposes in Abeokuta, Nigeria.
African Journal of Biomedical Research 11 (3): 285-290. Available online at http://www.ajbrui.com; http:// www.bioline.br/md.
Strateva, T., Yordanov, D. 2009. Pseudomonas aeruginosa - A phenomenon of bacterial resistance. Journal of Medical Microbiology 58: 1133-1148.
Sule, I.O., Agbabiaka, T.O., Akomolafe, A.V. 2011. Bacteriological quality of water stored exteriorly in storage tanks. Research Journal of Environmental Sciences 5(6): 603-610.
Tate D., Mawer, S., Newton, A. 2003. Outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa folliculitis associated with a swimming pool inflatable. Epidemiology and Infection 130:187«¤??192.
Tirodimos, M., Arvanitidou,T., Dardavessis, A., Bisiklis, A., Alexiou- Daniil, S. 2010. Prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from swimming pools in northern Greece. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 16 (7): 783-787.
Ukpong, E.C., Peter, B.U. 2012. Physico-chemical and bacteriological analyses of drinking water in Ibeno Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State. Nigerian Journal of Technology (NIJOTECH) 31(2):116-127.
Van Eldere, J. 2003. Multicentre surveillance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa susceptibility patterns in nosocomial infections. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 51:347«¤??352.
Waines, P. L., Moate, R., Moody, A. J., Allen, M., Bradley, G. 2011. The effect of material choice on biofilm formation in a model warm water distribution system. Biofouling 27:1161-74.
World Health Organization, 2003. World Health Organization Guideline for Drinking Water Quality, WHO, Geneva.
World Health Organization, 2004. Guidelines for drinking-water quality, 3rd ed., Vol. 1: Recommendations. Geneva, World Health Organization, Geneva.
Zichichi, L., Asta, G., Noto, G. 2000. Pseudomonas aeruginosa folliculitis after shower/bath exposure. Internaltional Journal of Dermatology 39: 270-273.
