PREVALENCE AND FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH URINARY SCHISTOSOMIASIS AMONG INFANTS AND PRESCHOOL-AGED CHILDREN IN SETTLEMENTS AROUND OYAN RESERVOIR IN OGUN STATE, NIGERIA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51406/jnset.v11i1.1422Keywords:
schistosomiasis, infants, preschooler, risk factors, control, NigeriaAbstract
The need for more information on the risk factors for schistosomiasis among infants and preschool-aged children as become important for the development of health education programme since this age group is currently excluded in preventive chemotherapy programmes. Therefore, the prevalence and intensity of, and risk factors for, infant and preschool-aged children infection with Schistosoma haematobium were explored in two endemic settlements around Oyan Reservior in Ogun State, Nigeria. Mothers and caregivers’ knowledge of the disease, water contact activities of their preschooler, age at first exposure and control measures were recorded using a structured questionnaire. Of the 86 preschooler screened from the two settlements 46 (53.5%) were infected, with an overall geometric mean intensity of 0.36 eggs/10 ml urine. The prevalence of egg-patent S. haematobium infection was 27.8% in Ibaro and 72.0% in Imala-Odo respectively. There were significant differences in prevalence (P=0.0005) and intensity (P=0.0006) of infection between the two communities, however, these did not increase significantly with age in both communities. Interviews revealed that preschoolers were exposed to infected reservoir water as early as after birth, while older preschoolers frequently visited water bodies on their own to play, bath and wash cloth. There was significant reduction in prevalence of schistosomiasis among preschool-aged children in Ibaro community compared to Imala-Odo community; this could be attributed to awareness about the disease, and its mode of transmission. Intensive health education still remains the alternative for reducing transmission in preschoolers in the absence of standardized treatment dosage for them.
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Dabo, A., Badawi, H. M., Bary, B., Doumbo, O.K. 2011. Urinary schistosomiasis among preschool-aged children in Sahelian rural communities in Mali. Parasites & Vectors 4, 21.
Ekpo, U.F., Akintunde, L.D., Oluwole, A.S., Sam-Wobo, S.O., Mafiana, C.F. 2010. Urinary schistosomiasis among preschool children in a rural community near Abeokuta, Nigeria. Parasites & Vectors 3, 58.
Ekpo, U.F., Alabi, O.M., Oluwole, A.S., Sam-Wobo, S.O. 2012a. Schistosoma haematobium infections in preschool children from two rural communities in Ijebu East, Southwest Nigeria. Journal of Helminthology, 86:323-328
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Garba, A., Barkiré, N., Djibo, A. Lamine, M.S., Sofo, B., Gouvras, A.N., Bosque-Oliva, E., Webster, J.P., Stothard, J.R., Utzinger, J., Fenwick, A. 2010. Schistosomiasis in infants and preschool-aged children infection in a single Schistosoma haematobium and a mixed S. haematobium-S. mansoni foci of Niger. Acta Tropica, 115: 212–219.
Gryseels, B., Polman, K., Clerinx, J. Kestens, L. 2006. Human schistosomiasis. Lancet 368: 1106–1118.
Hotez, P.J., Kamath, A. 2009. Neglected tropical diseases in sub-Saharan Africa: review of their prevalence, distribution, and disease burden. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 3, e412.
Hotez, P.J., Molyneux, D.H., Fenwick, A., Kumaresan, J., Sachs, S.E., Sachs, J.D., Savioli, L. 2007 Control of neglected tropical diseases. New England Journal of Medicine 357:1018–1027.
Keiser, J., Ingram, K., Utzinger, J. 2011. Anti-parasitic drugs for paediatrics: systematic review, formulations, pharmacokinetics, safety, efficacy and implications for control. Parasitology 138: 1620–1632.
Kloss, H., Fulford, A.J., Butterworth, A.E. 1997. Spatial patterns of human water contact and Schistosoma mansoni transmission and infection in four rural areas in Machakos District, Kenya. Social Sciences & Medicine 44: 949-968.
Kloss, H., Gazzinelli, A., van Zuyle, P. 1998. Microgeographical patterns of schistosomiasis and water contact behaviour: examples from Africa and Brazil. Memória do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 93: 37-50.
Mafiana, C.F., Ekpo, U.F., Ojo D.A. 2003. Urinary schistosomiasis in preschool children in settlements around Oyan Reservoir in Ogun State, Nigeria: implications for control. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 8: 78–82.
Mathers, C.D., Ezzati, M., Lopez, A.D. 2007. Measuring the burden of neglected tropical diseases: the global burden of disease framework. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 1, e114.
Molyneux, D.H., Hotez, P.J., Fenwick, A. 2005. “Rapid-Impact Interventionsâ€: How a Policy of Integrated Control for Africa's Neglected Tropical Diseases Could Benefit the Poor. PLoS Medicine 2(11): e336. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0020336
Mutapi, F., Rujeni, N., Bourke, C., Mitchell, K., Appleby, L. Nausch, N., Midzi, N., Mduluza, T. 2011. Schistosoma haematobium treatment in 1–5 year old children: safety and efficacy of the antihelminthic drug praziquantel. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 5, e1143.
Odogwu, S.E., Ramamurthy, N.K., Kabatereine, N.B., Kazibwe, F., Tukahebwa, E., Webster, J.P., Fenwick, A., Stothard, J.R. 2006. Schistosoma mansoni in infants (aged<3 years) along the Ugandan shoreline of Lake Victoria. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 100: 315–326.
Ofoezie, I.E., Imevbore, A.M.A., Balogun, M.O., Ogunkoya, O.O., Asaolu, S.O. 1991. A study of an outbreak of schistosomiasis in two resettlement villages near Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria. Journal of Helminthology 65: 95–102.
Ofoezie, I.E., Asaolu, S.O., Christensen, N.Ø., Madsen, H. 1997. Patterns of infection with Schistosoma haematobium in lakeside resettlement communities at the Oyan reservoir in Ogun State, south-western Nigeria. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 91: 187–197.
Ofoezie, I.E., Chirstensen, N.Ø., Madsen, H. 1998. Water contact patterns and behavioural knowledge of schistosomiasis in south-west Nigeria. Journal of Biosocial Sciences 30: 245–259.
Opara, K.N., Udoidung, N.I., Ukpong, I.G. 2007. Genitourinary schistosomiasis among pre-primary school children in a rural community within the Cross River Basin, Nigeria. Journal of Helminthology 81: 393–397.
Sousa-Figueiredo, J.C., Basáñez, M.G., Mgeni, A.F., Khamis, I.S., Rollinson, D., Stothard, J.R. 2008. A parasitological survey, in rural Zanzibar, of pre-school children and their mothers for urinary schistosomiasis, soil-transmitted helminthiases and malaria, with observations on the prevalence of anaemia. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 102: 679–692.
Sousa-Figueiredo, J.C., Pleasant, J., Day, M. Betson, M., Rollinson, D., Montresor, A., Kazibwe, F., Kabatereine, N.B., Stothard, J.R. 2010a. Treatment of intestinal schistosomiasis in Ugandan preschool children: best diagnosis, treatment efficacy and side effects, and an extended praziquantel dosing pole. International Health 2: 103–113.
Sousa-Figueiredo, J.C., Day, M., Betson, M., Kabatereine, N.B., Stothard, J.R. 2010b. An inclusive dose pole for treatment of schistosomiasis in infants and preschool children with praziquantel. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 104: 740–742.
Sousa-Figueiredo, J.C., Betson, M., Stothard, J.R. 2012. Treatment of schistosomiasis in African infants and preschool-aged children: downward extension and biometric optimization of the current praziquantel dose pole. International Health 4, 95-102
Steinmann, P., Keiser, J., Bos, R., Tanner, M., Utzinger, J. 2006. Schistosomiasis and water resources development: systematic review, meta-analysis and estimates of people at risk. Lancet Infectious Diseases 6: 411–425.
Stothard, J.R., Chitsulo, L., Kristensen, T.K., Utzinger, J. 2009. Control of schistosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa: progress made, new opportunities and remaining challenges. Parasitology 136: 1665–1675.
Utzinger, J., Raso, G., Brooker, S., de Savigny, D., Tanner, M., Ornbjerg, N., Singer, B.H., N’Goran, E.K. 2009. Schistosomiasis and neglected tropical diseases: towards integrated and sustainable control and a word of caution. Parasitology 136: 1859–1874.
Verani, J.R., Abudho, B., Montgomery, S.P., Mwinzi, P.N.M., Shane, H.L., Butler, S.E., Karanja, D.M.S., Secor, W.E. 2011, Schistosomiasis among young children in Usoma, Kenya. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 84: 787–791.
World Health Organization. 1985. The control of schistosomiasis: report of a WHO expert committee. WHO Technical Report Series 728: 1–113.
World Health Organization. 1993. The control of schistosomiasis: second report of WHO expert committee. WHO Technical Report Series 830: 1–86.
World Health Organization. 2002. Prevention and control of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminithiasis. Report of the WHO Expert Committee, Technical Report Series 912. Geneva, WHO.
