INSECTICIDE RESIDUES IN SOME STORED GRAINS IN MUBI, ADAMAWA STATE, NIGERIA AND THEIR POTENTIAL HEALTH HAZARDS ON THEIR CONSUMER
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51406/jnset.v11i1.1420Keywords:
Insecticide, Residue, Stored grains, Pest management.Abstract
The study was conducted to assess the level of residue of permethrin (pifpaf), Aluminium phosphide (cyclone) and Dichlovors (dakshi) in protected grains of cowpea, maize and bambaranut groundnut each stored for 1 month, 3 month, and 6 months in Mubi (10° 16 N, 13° 10 E) Nigeria. Based on grain type and time of storage, the pesticide were extracted from 2g of powdered grains using acetonitrite and methanol (4:1) and then analyzed for the composite fractions using the high performance liquid chromatography technique. The result shows that each of the grains has residues of all the insecticide considered in the study. On average, cowpea had higher levels of insecticide residues while maize had lower over the study period. The lowest residue of any of the insecticide (1.0mg/kg of dakshi, 1.04mg/kg of cyclone and 1.11mg/kg of pifpaf) 6 months after storage was higher than the FAO no-observed adverse effect level, even though residue levels decreased with storage time. The implications of the findings on insecticide based stored grains protected by Nigerian merchants/farmers are discussed.   Â
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References
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Chugh, S.N; Pal, R; Singh, V and Seth, S 1996. "Serial blood phosphine levels in acute aluminium phosphide poisoning". The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India. 44 (3): 184–5.
FAO 1985. Prevention of post harvest food losses. Training series No. 10 (122). In:
Udo, I. O. 2005. Evaluation of the potential of some local spices as stored grain protectants against the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Mots (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management. 9(1): 165-168.
Food and Agricultural Organization/World Health Organization. 1986. International code of conduct on the distribution and use of pesticides, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Food and Agricultural Organization/World Health Organization. 1986. Guide to Codex recommendations concerning pesticide residues, Part 8. Recommendations for methods of analysis of pesticide residues, 3rd ed., Rome, Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues.
Food and Agricultural Organization 1993 Report and papers presented at the Seventh FAO expert consultation on Fish Technology in Africa, Saly-Mbour, Republic of Senegal, FAO Fisheries Report 712: 1-179.
Food and Agricultural Organization/World Health Organization. 2005. Food Safety Risk Analysis, Part II, Case Studies, Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO), World Health Organization (WHO).
Gesald J, D. 2009. Determination of preservatives in Beverages by Isocratic HPLC. Int. journal of Food Science. 12: 966—970
GIFAF 1987. Guidelines for the safe transport of pesticides. Brussels, Groupment International des Associations Nationales des Fabricants de produits Agrochimiques. In: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_phosphide-poisoning♯p-search.
Gillette, J.W. 1982. Evaluation of human health hazards on use of Dichlovors (DDVP), especially in resin strips; task force report of the environmental health sciences center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.
Goel, A., Aggarwal, P. 2007."Pesticide poisoning†The National medical journal of India .20 (4): 182–91.
Hayes, W.J. 1982. Dichlorvors, Chapter 7: Organic phosphorus pesticides. In: Pesticide Studies in Man, pp. 343-351. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore/London
Huis. A. 1989. Integrated management of insect pest in tropical crop. Tropical Entomology Vol. 5. Department of Entomology Wageningen Agriculture. University of Wageningen.
International Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals (IRPTC). 1985. IRPTC file on treatment and disposal methods for waste.
Kennedy, I.R. 1998. Biodegradation and plant protection from herbicide 2,4-D by plant. Microbial Association in Cotton. PP 30-41
Kumar, R. 1991. La lute contre les insects ravageurs. CTA-Kharthala.P.311 lavabre EM1992.Ravageurs des cultures tropicales. Le technician d’ agriculture tropicales. Edite par ACC-CTA-Maisonneuve et larose. P.178.
Lale, N.E.S. (2002). Stored product entomology and acarology, in tropical Africa. Nigeria: Mole Publication Limited. Pp. 124-147
Lazzari, F. A. 1988. Dry matter losses in soybean seeds caused by storage fungi. M.Sc.
thesis, Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minn. 40p.
Maroni, H. M. 1990. Studying the effects of pesticides on humans (International Commission on Occupational Health). 1990 Proceedings of the 9th International workshop, 2-4 May 1990, International Centre for Pesticide Safety, Busto Garolfo, Milan, Italy. ICOH Geneva, Switzerland.
Mvumi, B.M., Stathers, T. 2003. The Ecology of stored grain insects in Zimbabwe and their control using diatomaceous earth with particular reference to grain moth. Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham.
Ogendo, D.W., Hagstrum, B.H. 2004. Alternatives to pesticide in stored products IPM. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell, Massachusetts. Pp 437.
Okori,P., Rubaihayo, P.R., Adipala. E., Fahlesion. J., Dixelium, C. 2004. Population studies of fungal plant pathogen; perspectives for control with specific reference to grey leaf sport. African Crop Science Journal. 12(4): 243-249.
Owusu, E.O. 2007. Major pests of cereals and their management. In: Obeng-ofri (ed.) Major Pests of food and selected fruit and industrial Crops in West Africa. City Printer Accra Ghana. Pp 42-56.
Palikhe, B.R. 2001. Pesticides pollution management in Nepal: In harmony with nature, agriculture and environment communication issue, Min. of Agriculture, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Strict, J.C. 1981. Pesticide and the immune system. In: R.P. Sharma (ed.), Immunologic Considerations in Toxicology Vol.1. CRC Press
Udo, I. O. 2000. Efficacy of Candlewood, Zanthoxylum xanthoxyloides Lam. For the control of three stored product pests. M. Phil. thesis, University of Ghana, Legon – Accra. 81 pp.
Wassermann. 1972. Effects of Organochorine insecticides on homeostatic and immunologic process, fate of pesticides in the environment, Gordon and Breach London.
Williams, M. 2000. Nutrition and the Environment ACC SCN 21 Report, Geneva Switzerland.
