Physico-Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber Vulcanizates Filled With Carbonised Agricultural Residues
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51406/jnset.v9i2.1109Abstract
The reinforcement of rubber by fillers is of great practical and technical importance. Carbonised agricultural residues from cocoa pod husk, rubber seed shell, coconut fibre, rice husk, melon seed shell and palm kernel husk were evaluated as reinforcing fillers for natural rubber. The physico-mechanical properties such as tensile strength, stress at 100% strain, and elongation at break were measured and compared with those obtained for a vulcanizate filled with carbon black. It was found that carbonised agricultural residue filled vulcanizate compared favourably with carbon black filled vulcanizate in terms of hardness and abrasion resistance. Consequently the carbonised agricultural wastes can be a substitute for investigated and can replace carbon black for articles exposed only to compression.
References
Sadakne, G., White, J.L. 1973. An experimental study of adsorption of polymers on activated carbon: Butadiene - styrene polymers and poly(methyl methacrylate): Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 17: 453-469.
Furtado, C.R.G., Leblanc, J.L., Nunes, R.C.R. 1999. Fatigue resistance of mica-carbon black-styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) compounds. European Polymer Journal, 35(7): 1319-1325.
Goodyear tyre and rubber company press release 2001. Goodyear reinvents the wheel: The world’s first tyre using extract of corn.
Corvasce, F.G., Fottrgon, F.A.J. 2005. U.S patent No 6,878,760.
Sumitomo Corporate news 2005 ENASAVE ES 801,non-petroleum tire to sell in after market.
Osabohien, E., Egboh, S.H.O. 2007. Cure characteristics and physico-mechanical properties of natural rubber filled with seed shell of cherry. Journal of Applied Science and Environment Management, 112: 43-48.
Helaly, F.M., El-Sabbagh, S.H. 2002. Bone meal waste and Ca(HPO4)2 as reinforcing filler for NR and CR and their blends compared with convectional white filler. Journal of Elastomers and Plastics, 34: 335-348.
Ismail, H., Jaffi, R.M., Rozman, H.D. 2003. The effect of filler loading and vulcanisation system on properties of oil palm wood flour –natural rubber composites: Journal of Elastomers and Plastics, 35: 181-192.
Ishak, Z.A.M., Baker, A.A. 1995. An investigation on the potential of rice husk ash as fillers for epoxidised natural rubber. European Polymer Journal, 31(3): 259-269.
Vogel, A.I. 1962. A textbook of quantitative analysis 2nd edition Longmans green and co Ltd , London.
ASTMD 1983. Method for testing heating loss 1509.
ASTMD 1983. American Society for Testing and Materials: 776.
ASTMD 1983. Method for testing iodine adsorption number 1510.
Hepburn, C. 1984. Filler reinforcement of rubber. Plastics and Rubber International, 9: 11-15.
Lawrence, E.N. 1974. Mechanical properties of polymers and composites, 2. Marcel Dekker Inc. New York.
Cohen, L.H., Spielman, R. 1948. Inorganic pigments in natural and synthetic rubber. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 40: 2204-2210.
Nie, Y., wang, B., Huang, G., Qu, L., Zhang, P., Weng, G., Wu, J. 2010. Relationship between the material properties and fatigue crack growth characteristics of natural rubber filled with different carbon black. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 117(6): 3441-3447.
