Journal of Agricultural Science and Environment

EFFECTS OF STORAGE CONDITIONS AND SEED SCARIFICATION ON SEED GERMINABILITY OF FIVE MULTIPURPOSE TREE SEEDS

2025-05-12T14:39:35+01:00

The study was conducted at University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria. A total of 6750 seeds of five pasture legume species each, were stored under five storage conditions: refrigerator: deep freezer; wooden box with silica gel; earthen pot and unstored for 9 months. Seeds were sampled at of 30 days interval. They were scarified with concentrated sulphuric acid, sand paper, hot water at 60oC for 10 minutes, hot water at 100oC for less than one minute and the unscarified (control). After scarification, 10 (ten) seeds of each legume species under different storage conditions were placed on moistened cotton wool in petri dishes under laboratory condition for germination. The experiment was 5x5x9 factorial arrangement (legume species. storage conditions and storage periods) replicated three times. The data collected at monthly interval were subjected to General Linear Model of Minitab (1999). The results of this experiment showed that the highest germination was recorded in seeds stored in earthen pot (74.91%) followed by seeds stored in deep freezer (48.47%). The unstored seeds had the least germination (10.74%). With the earthen pot, germination was highest from Albizia saman (AS) seeds (87.63%), when Enterolobium cyclocarpum (EC) seeds had 84.49% with Telphro sia bracteolata (TB) having the least germination of 17.26%. Also, the highest germination was in hot water treatment at 600C (41.48%) which was closely followed by seeds treated with sand paper (40.74%) while untreated seeds (control) had the least germination percentage. In conclusion, forage legume seeds are better stored in cool environment with the earthen pot creating a cool and natural environment with no fluctuation in electricity. Using hot water at 600C and mechanical scarification with sandpaper having similar percentage germination of seeds. Storing seeds for six to seven months had the highest germinations of seeds.

ANALYSIS OF RABBIT PRODUCTION PRACTICES BY FARMERS IN OGUN STATE, NIGERIA

2025-05-13T08:49:00+01:00

Rabbit production is a socio-economic activity that could lead to improved income and living standard of Nigerians. This study was conducted to determine the analysis of rabbit production practices by rabbit farmers in Ogun State, Nigeria. A total of ninety-one (91) respondents were sampled with the aid of a well-structured questionnaire. Data obtained were subjected to both descriptive and inferential statistics using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS, 2020). The highest number of respondents were within 31- 40 years age bracket (39.56%); about 52.70% were Christians while 84.60% had formal education up to tertiary level, with 64.83% having Bachelors degree. There were no significant associations between sex (χ² = 49.48, df = 1), religion (χ² = 151.1, df = 2), educational status (χ² = 88.50, df = 4), academic qualification (χ² = 334.4, df = 4), ethnicity (χ² = 122.56, df = 2), marital status (χ² = 57.51, df = 3) and production level. There was a positive relationship between respondent’s years of experience in rabbit farming and level of production. Rapid growth rate (P=0.013) significantly influenced production level. The study concluded that the level of rabbit production in Ogun state is still low and poor access to credit and poor public acceptability towards rabbit farming constitutes the major constraints to rabbit production in the state.

TECHNICAL EFFICIENCY AND PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS OF CATFISH FARMING IN ONDO STATE, NIGERIA

2025-05-13T09:39:23+01:00

Catfish farming is a popular agricultural business in Nigeria because of its short production cycle and a quick return on investment. The objectives of the study were to determine the economics and technical viability of catfish farming in Ondo State, Nigeria. Purposive and simple random sampling methods were used to select 171 catfish farmers from five local government areas of the state, using structured questionnaires. Analytical techniques used were stochastic frontier production model, the net farm income analysis, and descriptive statistics. Nearly 70% of the catfish farmers were in the productive and active range of 20 – 49 years and roughly 67.25% of them had post-secondary education. The profitability analysis indicated that a kilogramme of food-size catfish was sold for ₦938.96, while the total production cost was ₦952.30, leading to a loss of ₦13.34 per kg of food-size catfish. Estimates of the maximum likelihood of the stochastic frontier production model showed that variables such as pond size (t = 2.809), fish seeds (t = 14.065), feed (t = 9.548), and labour (t = 8.915) were significant and had a direct relationship with the amount of catfish output. Mean technical efficiency level was 0.88, while the value of returns to scale was 1.65, indicating increasing returns to scale. The study concluded that the efficiency level among catfish farmers was high and that catfish farming or production in the study area was not profitable due to the high cost of catfish feed. It is recommended to use supplementary feed, such as maggots, to reduce the astronomical cost of feeding catfish.

FISH SPECIES COMPOSITION AND DISTRIBUTION IN FISHING COMMUNITIES ALONG OGUN RIVER BASIN, SOUTHWEST, NIGERIA

2025-05-13T10:09:21+01:00

The rate of overexploitation, pollution, habitat destruction, climate change, invasive species, and disease outbreaks in inland waters pose significant threats to biodiversity, underscoring the need for comprehensive research on freshwater ecosystems. Monitoring the diversity, abundance and richness of species in these ecosystems is crucial for assessing their status and stability. This research aimed to develop a comprehensive catalogue of fish species in Ogun River, facilitating ongoing monitoring of endangered or extinct species. The catalogue will provide a vital baseline for conservation and management efforts, promoting the long-term sustainability of the river's ecosystem. This study was carried out along Ogun River basin, for nine months from December 2019 to August 2020, in five fishing communities (Oyan, Alamutu, Lafenwa, Oriyanrin, Akomoje) based on their level of fishing activity. Data were collected through experimental field record of fish species across five landing sites with each site sampled on monthly basis with minimum of three canoes assessed in each location for their catches. The catches were sorted and identified into species using standard fish identification keys. Results revealed that, Twenty eight (28) fish species from 16 families were found in Ogun River, with family Cichlidae accounting for the highest proportion (32.1%), followed by the families Mormyridae (10.7%), Alestidae (7.1%), and Anabantidae (7.1%). Of the 28 fish species, only eight (28.6%) were evenly distributed across all locations. An examination of the fisheries value chain in Ogun River revealed that despite the critical roles played by various stakeholders, their participation in the formulation and implementation of policies guiding fisheries activities was remarkably low. This is particularly disturbing given the actors' intimate familiarity with the river's ecosystem. The findings of this study underscore the urgent need for sustainable management practices to conserve the fisheries resources of Ogun River. Gear restriction, closed season/area, number of fishermen per trip, diversification of fishers into aquaculture and non-fisheries activities were strongly recommended to conserve the fisheries resources of the River.

IMPACT OF GARLIC EXTRACT ADMINISTRATION FREQUENCY ON HAEMATOLOGICAL AND SERUM BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF BROILER CHICKENS

2025-09-24T13:16:04+01:00

Phytogenic additives like garlic are increasingly valued in poultry production for their natural growth-promoting, antimicrobial, and health-enhancing properties, making garlic a viable alternative to antibiotics in broiler production. This study investigated the impact of garlic extract administration frequency on the haematological and serum biochemical indices of broiler chickens. A total of 300-day-old COBB-500 chicks were assigned to five treatment groups: T1 (standard check with antibiotics), T2 (garlic extract three days/week), T3 (five days/week), T4 (daily), and T5 (control with water only), each with four replicates of 15 birds over 42 days. Garlic extract was prepared by soaking 50 g of ground garlic in 1 litre of boiled water for 12 hours and administered at a concentration of 7.5 g per litre through drinking water according to treatments. Birds were raised on deep litter with ad libitum access to feed and water. Blood samples were collected on days 21 and 42 for analysis. One-way ANOVA was employed for data evaluation using SAS. There were significant variations (P<0.05) in eosinophil levels, mean corpuscular volume, and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration at the finisher phase. Total protein, globulin, Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), levels at the starter phase, along with total protein, albumin, globulin, Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and uric acid at the finisher phase, were also significantly influenced by frequency of garlic extract administration. Garlic extract (7.5 g per litre) administration frequencies positively affected haematological and biochemical parameters in broiler chickens at starter and finisher phases.

AWARENESS, WILLINGNESS AND PERCEIVED BENEFITS OF BLACK SOLDIER FLY LARVAE IN AQUAFEED PRODUCTION AMONG OGUN STATE FISH FARMERS

2025-09-24T13:00:15+01:00

Black Soldier Fly Larvae Meal (BSFLM) is a viable alternative to conventional fishmeal, offering a high-protein content that meets the nutritional needs of fish. This study assessed the awareness, willingness, and perceived benefits of BSFLM-based aquafeed to fish farmers in Ogun State. A multistage sampling technique was adopted. Ogun State Agricultural Development zoning system was adopted and blocks with prevalent fish farming activities were selected. Purposive selection was done to select 307 farmers within the study area. This ensured that only farmers relevant to the study’s focus, who are capable of providing accurate and relevant information needed were selected. A structured interview guide was used to elicit information on socio-economic characteristics, awareness, willingness and perceived benefits of BSFLM. Data collected were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistical tools (SPSS, v25). Majority (87%) of the farmers were married; 88% were male. Average age was 39 years; household size – 6; years of farming experience – 13 and average monthly income was ₦279,511. BSFLM awareness rate of 82.4% was relatively high, and only 19.8% were aware of its use in aquafeed formulations. About 91% of the respondents showed willingness to adopt BSFLM. Willingness tested as the dependent variable indicated that years of experience (p = 0.042), average monthly income (p=0.019), number of ponds owned by farmers and the quantity of harvest, significantly influenced willingness to adopt BSFLM. Perceived benefits result indicated that about 89% of farmers perceived that BSFLM does not pose a potential risk to consumers, 94% perceived BSFLM-formulated feed is cheaper and 73% agreed that BSFLM in aquafeed does not affect consumer acceptability. Inadequate training (x=2.23) was identified as the highest barrier to the adoption of BSFLM while competition with other farmers (x=1.74) was the lowest ranked. The study concluded that majority of farmers have basic awareness of BSFL. Most farmers were noted to show a high level of willingness and they perceived the benefits of BSFLM. The study recommends that targeted educational programs be developed to bridge this knowledge gap, alongside policies that ensure the availability and affordability of BSFLM.

PERFORMANCE OF PINEAPPLE (Ananas comosus L. MERRIL. VAR. SMOOTH CAYENNE) AS INFLUENCED BY TILLAGE SYSTEM AND SUCKER SIZE

2025-09-24T12:50:19+01:00

Optimizing pineapple production through proper agronomic practices, particularly by understanding the impact of tillage systems and sucker size, is crucial for efficient and productive cultivation. This study was conducted to validate the effects of sucker size on growth and yield of smooth cayenne pineapple under two tillage systems. A field experiment was conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm, Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo. It was a 2 x 3 factorial, arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates. Conventional tillage- T1 and Reduced tillage -T2 was the main factor while three classes of sucker size (S1 = Small (50-200 g); S2 = Medium (201-400 g) and S3 = Big (≥ 401 g) was the sub plot factor. Data collected were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using statistical software (SAS) and means separation using (DMRT) at 5% probability. There were significant differences in pineapple growth and yield attributes between the two tillage methods and among the three sucker sizes. Conventional tillage system was significantly superior in terms of pineapple plant height (65.92 cm), numbers of leaves (29.57), D-leaf width (3.18 cm), leaf area (103.43 cm²) and fruit yield (32.98 t/ha) while reduced tillage system was the least. Big sucker (≥400 g) was superior and best in terms of pineapple plant height (78.66 cm), number of leaves (39.56), D-leaf length (64.09 cm), D-leaf width (3.42), leaf area (132.26 cm²) and fruit yield (53.66 t/ha), followed by the medium sucker while small sucker was the least. Conclusively, Conventional tillage practice, specifically constructing beds, is the most effective method for land preparation to improve pineapple growth and yield while big suckers ≥401 g are most suitable for planting pineapple, leading to good growth and optimal yield.

ASSESSMENT OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF CHARCOAL PRODUCTION ON DEFORESTATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION IN YEWA DIVISION, OGUN STATE, NIGERIA

2025-09-24T09:47:36+01:00

Continuous production of charcoal has been exacerbating deforestation and forest degradation in the tropical forests of the developing countries, where alternative fuel sources are scarce. This study assessed the effects of the socio-economic characteristics associated with charcoal production, with a view to examine their effects on deforestation and the environmental degradation in Yewa division of Ogun State, Nigeria. Information were extracted using questionnaire administration. Landsat imagery of 2000 and 2020 that covered the study area were analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-square at P < 0.05. There was 17.59% reduction of forest cover and 18.50% increase of non-forest between 2000 and 2020. About 57% of respondents were male; about 45% were between 31 and 40 years. Most respondents (71.2%) were married and about 48% had primary education. About 42% of charcoal producers used traditional kiln techniques, while about 46% sourced their raw materials from free areas. Seventeen indigenous tree species from 14 families were utilized for charcoal production, with the Combretaceae family having the highest occurrence. About 60% of respondents preferred tree species from natural forests, while 40.2% favoured those from plantations. There was a significant relationship between educational status, occupation, experience, wood source, and type of wood utilized for charcoal production and deforestation and environmental degradation at P < 0.05. Most preferred tree species was Vitellaria paradoxa. Major significant challenges for charcoal production were tree scarcity, government interference, wildfires, and competition from saw millers. Environmental effects of earth kiln method of charcoal production were harsh weather due to increase in environment temperature and smoke from burning causing eye problems and air pollution. The study concluded that balancing the economic and livelihood needs of local people with the environmental sustainability of forest ecosystems is essential, as environmental degradation will directly affect their livelihoods.

MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION IN SELECTED CITRUS SPECIES: A QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF SEED MORPHOLOGY AND FRUIT CHARACTERISTICS

2025-09-24T09:23:40+01:00

Citrus species exhibit a wide range of morphological traits essential for taxonomy, genetic breeding, and germplasm conservation. This study assessed morphological variations in fruits and seeds of Citrus grandis, Citrus limon, and Citrus medica, focusing on colour differences and structural features. Fruit specimens were selected based on availability. Seed colour was analyzed using the Munsell Colour Chart. Ten seeds per species were evaluated and fruit structures were examined for the number of ridges and prominent lines. Colour variation in C. grandis ranged from White (8/2 2.5Y) to Yellowish Red (8/2 10YR); in C. medica from Yellowish Red (8/2 2.5YR) to Yellowish Red (8/2 10YR); and in C. limon, from Light Olive Brown (5/6 2.5Y) to White (8/2 2.5Y), showing a broader spectrum. Ridge and line counts varied significantly among species and within individuals. Qualitative colour analysis using the Munsell Chart proved to be a valuable complement to traditional morphological approaches. Results suggest that fruit and seed colouration are not only taxonomically significant but may also influence ecological interactions with dispersal agents.

WEED DRY MATTER ACCUMULATION AND YIELD OF CUCUMBER AS INFLUENCED BY VARIETY AND ORGANIC FERTILIZER RATE

2025-09-23T16:22:27+01:00

Fertilizer application to sustain a cropping system can influence weed infestation, and weed growth along with crop yields. Two field trials were conducted between April and December, 2019 at the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, in the tropical rainforest-savannah transition zone of southwestern Nigeria. The aim is to determine optimum rate of Organic Fertilizer (Gateway Organic Fertilizer - GOF) on weed infestation and fruit yield of three cucumber varieties. Treatments were: GOF applied at 0, 5, 10, and 15 t.ha-¹ to three cucumber varieties: Marketmore, Poinsett and Marketer. Treatments were arranged in a split - plot fitted into Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 4 replicates. Data collected on weed fresh weight, dry matter contents and total yield were subjected to analysis of variance using GENSTAT discovery. Organic Fertilizer (Gateway Organic Fertilizer) application had positive influence on fruit yield of cucumber and weed dry matter accumulation. Weed dry matter from plots cultivated to Poinsett variety with either 10 or 15 t.ha-¹ GOF were lower than from other fertilized varieties. Poinsett variety cultivated with either 10 or 15 t.ha-¹GOF had significantly higher fruit yield compared with other interactions. It is concluded and recommended that application of GOF at10 t.ha-¹ with Poinsett variety is optimum for reduced weed dry matter accumulation and yield of cucumber in the tropical rainforest-savannah transition zone.

ASSESSMENT OF VALUE ADDITION UTILIZATION AMONG SWEET POTATO PROCESSORS IN OGUN STATE, NIGERIA

2026-02-03T12:17:24+01:00

The study assessed the extent of value addition utilization among sweet potato processors in Ogun State. It specifically described the socio-economic characteristics, identified the products derived from sweet potato, ascertained the extent of value addition of sweet potato, and analyzed the constraints mitigating against value addition. Simple random sampling technique was used to select 137 respondents from the Value Chain Development Programme, and an interview schedule was used to elicit primary data. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (binary logistic regression). Most (82.3%) of the respondents were married with average age of 44 ±10.399 years. Farming experience, household size, and number of labour were 21±10.967 years, 5±1.471 persons, and 4±2.107 persons, respectively. Boiled (97.1%) and roasted sweet potato (94.2%) were the most common value-added sweet potatoes, while boiled ( =2.82) and fried ( = 2.54) were the most utilized. Poor transportation networks ( = 1.57) and infrastructural facilities ( = 1.43) were the major constraints mitigating against value addition. Marital status, household size, and type of labour contributed significantly to value addition of sweet potato. The study concluded that respondents relatively didn’t engage in value addition of sweet potatoes which could be as a result of some constraints faced in the process of value addition in the area, which were poor transportation networks, infrastructural facilities, seasonality, lack of storage facilities that limit the processors to engage in value- addition. The study recommended that the government should provide good transportation networks and adequate infrastructure facilities to enhance value addition.

ATTITUDES OF FARMERS TO PESTICIDES USE AND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN SELECTED PERI-URBAN SETTLEMENTS OF SURULERE LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, OYO STATE, NIGERIA

2026-02-03T13:13:53+01:00

The significance of the use of pesticides in improving crop production cannot be overemphasized. Their application in food production has also contributed significantly to increasing farmers’ income. However, the growing concerns regarding the use of pesticide and its impact on the environment necessitate urgent actions to mitigate their hazardous effects. The study investigated the knowledge of farmers, their handling practices, and attitudes toward use and management of pesticides. A multistage sampling technique was employed to select respondents for the study, in which 50% (n = 52) of the registered farmers in the study area were randomly chosen. To capture the perspectives of the unregistered farmers, an additional 52 respondents were recruited through open invitation, with Microsoft Excel used to generate random numbers for selection, giving a total sample size of 104 respondents. A well-structured questionnaire was used to collect data on the set objective of the study and data were analyzed. Farming was observed to be male-dominated (51.9%), with most respondents being Yoruba ethnicity (82.7%) and an average age above 50 years. Education was generally low, with elementary schooling being the highest for many respondents. Use of personal protective equipment (PPE) was poor, with 90% wearing incomplete PPE, and some farmers engaging in risky behaviors such as eating, drinking, or smoking during spraying. Although many considered pesticide labels useful (82.7%), most (70.2%) lacked formal training in pesticide handling, leading to unsafe application, storage, and disposal practices. Fumigants and insecticides were used in crop storage, primarily for preservation and reducing post-harvest losses. These findings highlight critical gaps in pesticide safety practices with implications for farmers’ health and environmental sustainability. Intensified farmer training on safe pesticide use, promotion of biological crop protection, and government support through provision of subsidized or free personal protective equipment were recommendations made to proffer solutions to the impending menace of indiscriminate use of pesticides in the environment.

EFFECTS OF VARIETY AND MOISTURE CONTENT ON THE COEFFICIENT OF SLIDING FRICTION OF PALM KERNEL AND SHELL ON LEATHER TARPAULIN

2026-02-03T14:53:17+01:00

One of the means of separating palm kernel and shell mixture is the coefficient of sliding friction which distinguishes the textural patterns of separating materials and its medium of separation. A thorough study of factors that can affect textural properties should be considered for an effective separation of palm kernel and shell. The effects of moisture content of two varieties of palm kernel and shell on the coefficient of sliding friction of two faces (front and back) of leather tarpaulin material was determined. The moisture content of both tenera and dura palm kernel and shell were determined according to the ASAE standards (1998) for oil seeds. The moisture content was adjusted to the desired value by adding a calculated volume of distilled water. The moisture content of dura and tenera varieties were 17.4 and 18.2% (w.b.) respectively, which were individually adjusted to 9.0, 13.0 and 17.0% (wet basis) by adding 76.3, 39.8 and 3.3 g; and 82.3, 46.4 and 10.6 g distilled water, respectively. The coefficient of sliding friction of sample variety was determined through an angle of repose apparatus. The coefficient of sliding friction for dura kernel and shell on the two faces (face A - front and face B - back) of the leather tarpaulin ranged from 0.41-0.49 for 9% moisture content; 0.44-0.51 for 13% moisture content; and 0.45-0.52 for 17% moisture content. The coefficient of sliding friction for tenera kernel and shell on the two faces of the leather tarpaulin ranged from 0.43-0.66 for 9% moisture content; 0.42-0.66 for 13% moisture content; and 0.42-0.73 for 17% moisture content. The moisture content of palm kernel and shell of either dura or tenera variety had no significant effect on the coefficient of sliding friction on any face of the leather tarpaulin except tenera shell, on face B of the leather tarpaulin.

EFFECTS OF SOURSOP (Annona muricata) LEAF MEAL ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND SEMEN CHARACTERISTICS OF RABBIT BUCKS

2026-02-03T15:24:04+01:00

The increasing search for natural feed additives with growth-promoting and reproductive-enhancing potentials in livestock production has necessitated the evaluation of soursop (Annona muricata) leaves, known for their rich phytochemicals and medicinal properties, as a dietary supplement for rabbit bucks. This study investigated the effects of soursop (Annona muricata) leaf meal on growth performance and semen characteristics of adult rabbit bucks. Sixty mixed-bred rabbit bucks of 20 weeks, with an average weight of 7.1–2.0 kg were acclimatized for two weeks and randomly assigned into five dietary treatments containing 0, 100, 200, 300, or 400 g/kg of soursop leaf meal for 8 weeks. Each treatment consisted of 4 rabbits, replicated 3 times. Growth performance and semen characteristics were evaluated, and data were analysed using one-way ANOVA, with means separated by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (p < 0.05). The proximate analysis of A. muricata leaves revealed 9% moisture, 11% crude protein, 4% crude fat, 18% crude fibre, 10% ash, and 48% carbohydrate. Rabbits fed the 200 g/kg diet showed superior growth performance with the highest final weight, weight gain, feed intake, and best feed conversion ratio (FCR = 7.16). Rabbits fed 400 g/kg diet exhibited superior semen quality, with the highest semen volume (0.33 ml), sperm count (544.44 × 10⁶ ejaculate¹), active motility (82.22%), viability (86.67%), and normal morphology (86.67%), with reduced sluggish motility (7.22%), abnormal morphology (13.33%), and dead sperm cells (10.56%). Soursop leaf meal is nutritionally valuable, improves growth and feed conversion in rabbit bucks at 200 g/kg inclusion, while semen quality is improved most at a higher inclusion level of 400 g/kg.

GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF POST-WEANED PIGS FED WITH DIETS CONTAINING HIGH QUALITY CASSAVA PEEL AND SOYA BEAN MEAL

2026-02-04T11:07:57+01:00

A major challenge facing profitable swine production in Sub-saharan Africa is the high cost of conventional feed ingredients such as maize. High Quality Cassava Peel (HQCP) has demonstrated considerable potential as an alternative energy source. However, inclusion of HQCP in swine diets often results in crude protein deficit, necessitating supplementation. This study evaluated the growth performance of post-weaned pigs fed diets containing HQCP with and without soya bean meal (SBM) supplementation. In a completely randomized design, 30 post-weaned pigs were assigned to 5 dietary treatments. Each treatment had 3 replicates with 2 animals per replicate. The 5 treatments were T1: (Control diet) which had no HQCP; T2: 15% HQCP without soya bean meal supplementation; T3: 30% HQCP without soya bean meal supplementation; T4: 15% HQCP with soya bean meal supplementation and T5: 30% HQCP with soya bean meal supplementation. The study lasted 42 days during which performance and economic indices were recorded. Final body weight, total weight gain, average daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio did not differ (p<0.05) significantly with the dietary treatments. Feed intake was significantly (p< 0.05) influenced, with highest intake from the pigs on the control diet (88.50 kg) and the lowest from pigs on 30% HQCP without soya bean meal supplementation (74.40 kg). Back fat thickness varied significantly; with leaner carcasses observed in pigs fed HQCP-containing diets than pigs on the control diet. Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) levels differed (p<0.05) significantly across treatments; with the lowest levels in pigs on the control diet (13.11 mg/dL) and highest in pigs on 30% HQCP with soya bean meal supplementation (15.61 mg/dL). White Blood Cell count was significantly (p<0.05) reduced from 4700.00 × 10³/μL in pigs on the control diet to 3416.67 × 10³/μL in pigs on 30% HQCP with soya bean meal supplementation Total feed cost and cost/kilogramme weight gain were affected by dietary treatments; with the most economical performance from pigs on 30% HQCP without soya bean meal supplementation (₦1,705.68/kg gain). Inclusion of 30% level of HQCP (without soya bean meal supplementation) in diets of post-weaned pigs is a safe, cost-effective and physiologically compatible alternative to maize in post-weaned pig diets.

MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION AMONG SOME CASSAVA (Manihot esculenta CRANTZ) VARIETIES EVALUATED IN IBADAN, SOUTH WEST, NIGERIA

2026-02-04T11:46:00+01:00

Cassava is a highly heterogeneous crop; hence, there exists high diversity among different genotypes in their response to different biotic and abiotic environmental factors. Morphological variation among cassava genotypes, which depicts their genetic diversity, had proven useful and cost effective in identification and selection of cassava varieties by farmers and in breeding programmes. The morphological variation also affects to an extent level of adoption by farmers because these traits determine how each cassava variety fits into the prevailing cropping system in each locality. This study assessed the genetic diversity among ninety-three (93) cassava varieties based on their morphological characteristics. The experiment was conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm, Department of Crop and Horticultural Sciences, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, during the 2021 cropping season. The cassava varieties were planted following a randomized complete block design with two replicates. Data were collected monthly on plant height, height at first branching point, canopy diameter and number of branches per plant from 2-5 months after planting. The data were subjected to descriptive statistics; correlation, and principal component analyses. The main traits responsible for variation among the cassava varieties were plant height, canopy diameter and number of branches. The varieties were grouped into three major clusters. The first three principal components accounted for about 77.41% of the total variation observed. Meanwhile, plant height correlated positively with all the evaluated morphological parameters. The existing variation among the cassava varieties for the morphological traits studied can be explored for selection and improvement of the crop.

EVALUATION OF THE AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SELECTED PEARL MILLET (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. BR) GENOTYPES FOR FORAGE PRODUCTION IN THE DERIVED SAVANNAH AGRO ECOLOGY OF NIGERIA

2026-02-04T12:21:36+01:00

Despite the prominence of pearl millet, especially in forage production in Southwestern Nigeria, its full potential remains largely unexplored. This study evaluated ten selected Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. genotypes for forage production in the Derived Savannah agro ecology of Nigeria to determine their herbage yield, chemical composition, and variability in key growth parameters. The experiment employed a randomized complete block design with 3 replicates, consisting of 30 plots measuring 3 x 2.5 m, with 1 m spacing between plots. Ten pearl millet genotypes were randomly planted at 75 x 25 cm, with ten plots per block. Weekly observations were taken on: plant height, number of tillers, crown spread, and leaf area from 2 weeks after planting (WAP). Genotype significantly influenced (P<0.05) plant height, number of leaves, and leaf area. Kankara genotype emerged as the tallest (141.01cm) among the genotypes, up to 10 weeks after planting (WAP), while Bunkure, Mokwa, Maiwa UI 25-2, Maiwa UI 94-2, and Dauro reached maximum heights (275.00 cm to 417.30 cm) at 22WAP. Dauro, Maiwa UI 94-2, Maiwa UI 25-2, and Mokwa genotypes had the highest number of leaves on main and secondary tillers from 8 to 10 WAP. Bunkure genotype produced the highest number of leaves on secondary tillers. The study concluded that the Kankara genotype is ideal for robust and tall pearl millet, while Maiwa UI 25-2 offers superior biomass potential.

GROWTH AND YIELD RESPONSES OF ROSELLE (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) AND MAIZE (Zea mays L.) TO INTERCROPPING UNDER DIFFERENTIAL SPACING REGIMES

2026-02-04T12:55:39+01:00

Understanding the adaptability of roselle with maize under intercropping, can enhance roselle’s integration into maize-based cropping systems. Considering the crucial influence of plant spacing on intercrop performance, this study evaluated the agronomic performance of four roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) accessions intercropped with maize under two roselle spacing regimes (1 × 1 m and 0.75 × 0.75 m). Sole stands of each crop were also established for comparison. The experiment was laid out in a split–split plot arrangement in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Growth parameters, including plant height, number of leaves, and stem diameter, were measured biweekly from 4 weeks after sowing (WAS) to 10 WAS for maize and 12 WAS for roselle. Data on yield and yield components were collected at harvest, and all data were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) at α0.05. The roselle accessions varied significantly only for fresh and dry calyx yield (t/ha), ranging from 2.95 (V12R3) to 4.37 (V10R2) and 0.14 (V12R3) to 0.48 (V32R2), respectively. Closer spacing (0.75 × 0.75 m) significantly increased roselle calyx yield, whereas wider spacing (1 × 1 m) enhanced maize vegetative growth. Intercropping significantly improved roselle number of leaves, fresh calyx yield, as well as maize grain yield, although statistically longer and broader maize stem were observed under sole cropping. The results indicated that the roselle accessions are well adapted for intercropping with maize. This cropping system can improve yields, but optimal results depend on spacing and accession selection. Therefore, selection should be aligned with the production goals.

WEED CONTROL EFFECTIVENESS OF COVER CROPS AND WEEDING REGIMES IN MAIZE (Zea mays L.)

2026-02-04T13:31:40+01:00

The effectiveness of cover crops in controlling weed infestation varies with variety and weed intensity. The weed control effectiveness of three cover crops: sweet potato, forage cowpea and mucuna were investigated between 2009 and 2012 in a split plot arrangement of a randomized complete block design with four replications. Main plot was weeding regimes of once at 3 weeks after planting and twice at 3 and 6 weeks after planting. Cropping systems of sole crops and maize intercropped with cover crops were the sub-plots. Field experiments were conducted at Ilora Outstation of the Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Moor Plantation, Ibadan. The cover crops were introduced two weeks after maize was sown. Generally the intercrops had reduced weed biomass relative to sole crops. A progressive weed biomass reduction was observed from 2009 to 2012. The intercrops in one and two weeding regimes maintained a similar trend where weed biomass from maize + cowpea > maize + sweet potato > maize + mucuna. Maize yielded higher in response to two weedings as observed in sole maize (1879.8 kg/ha) and maize + sweet potato intercrop (1690.5 kg/ha) during 2009 cropping season. The associated crops in the intercrops responded better to a second weeding than the maize crop. Sole sweet potato yield was 67% higher with one weeding and 82% higher with two weeding regimes than its yield from the intercrop. Yields from the sole crops were higher than the intercrops, irrespective of the weeding regime. Sweet potato spreads rapidly, covering the ground and suppressing weeds as well as providing additional income for the farmer. A good option of managing weeds effectively in maize cropping is sweet potato intercropping and two weeding regimes at 3 and 6 weeks after sowing.

EFFECTS OF VARIETY AND HOLDING TIME ON SOME POST HARVEST QUALITY OF SWEETCORN (Zea mays L. saccharata)

2026-02-04T13:54:46+01:00

Sweet corn, an essential vegetable crop in the agriculture industry worldwide due to its high economic and nutritional value, has a short shelf life and deteriorates rapidly after harvesting, leading to loss of quality and nutritional values. An experiment was conducted at the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta (FUNAAB) to determine the impact of time of holding after harvest on the physico-chemical attributes of two varieties of sweet corn at milk stage. Ayo F1 Hybrid and Hybrix 55, with holding time: at harvest (0), 24, 48 and 72 hours after harvest were studied. Treatments were laid out in a Completely Randomized Design replicated three times. Data were taken on proximate composition which included- dry matter, ash, crude fibre, crude protein, carbohydrate and fat. They were determined according to methods described by the Association of Official Analytic Chemists. Total soluble solids (TSS), total sugar, starch contents and colour were also determined. Hybrix 55 variety had higher dry matter, fat, ash crude fibre, crude protein, TSS, total sugar and starch contents relative to Ayo F1 Hybrid variety which had higher moisture content. The b* value (yellowness) in Hybrix 55 was also higher when compared with Ayo F1 variety of sweet corn. The L* colour value (lightness) increased maximum at 72 hours after harvest. Starch, crude protein, crude fibre, fat and ash contents increased significantly at 72 hours after harvest. The TSS and total sugar reduced with holding time. Higher values were obtained at harvest and least at 72 hours after harvest. Hybrix 55 variety held for 72 hours after harvest had the highest fat, ash and crude fiber contents. Hybrix 55 variety of sweet corn variety was sweeter with brighter colour and maintained its nutritional content at harvest.

EFFECTS OF INORGANIC FERTILIZER (NPK) AND JATROPHA HUSK (JH) ON SELECTED SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND GROWTH OF EGGPLANT (Solanum melongena)

2026-02-05T12:01:21+01:00

Cultivation of Solanum melongena (Eggplant) in the tropics is often confronted with low soil fertility, which indicates the need for sustainable approaches towards soil nutrient availability and management. Hence, this research focuses on the effects of inorganic fertilizer (NPK 15-15-15), Jatropha Husk (JH), and their combinations on the growth of Solanum melongena and selected properties of the soil, carried out at the Federal University of Technology, Akure. Randomized Complete Block Design was used with six treatments: control (no amendments), 100% JH, 100% NPK, 25% JH + 75% NPK, 50% JH + 50% NPK, and 75% JH + 25% NPK, replicated 3-times. Growth parameters measured were plant height, number of leaves, and stem diameter recorded bi-weekly, while pre-planting and post-planting soil analysis were analyzed. It was discovered that soil amendment significantly improved both plant leaf and height from four weeks post-planting. The highest measurements for leaf count (19.6) and plant height (44.40 cm) were observed with the treatment of 75% JH+ 25% NPK. Soil chemical characteristics were enhanced with 100% JH achieving the highest pH level (8.76), along with elevated concentrations of phosphorus, sodium, calcium, and potassium. Treatments with the largest amount of NPK resulted in slight soil acidification (pH 6.3). These findings suggest that using Jatropha husk, either singly or in combination with lower amounts of NPK fertilizer, can aid soil fertility and sustainable eggplant production. This study has revealed that a combination of JH and NPK has the potential to offer better growth output and improved soil quality.

EFFECTS OF PROPAGATION METHODS AND NITROGEN FERTILIZER ON PERFORMANCE OF GINGER (Zingiber officinale L.) IN THE SOUTHERN GUINEA SAVANNAH AGROECOLOGY OF NIGERIA

2026-02-05T12:25:23+01:00

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of propagation method and nitrogen source on growth and yield of ginger (Zingiber officinale). Two propagation methods rhizome seeds and rhizome seedlings raised from rhizome seeds for one month—were combined with four nitrogen sources: 100% NPK (15:15:15) at 933 kg ha⁻¹; Supergro organic liquid fertilizer at 2.9 mL L⁻¹; 100% Tithonia compost at 5.2 t ha⁻¹ and a 50:50 combination of Tithonia compost and NPK (2.6 t ha⁻¹ + 466.5 kg ha⁻¹). Each treatment supplied 140 kg N ha⁻¹, while the control received no nitrogen fertilizer. The 2 × 5 factorial experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Rhizome seeds produced superior results compared to rhizome seedlings in plant height (63.70 cm and 35.84 cm), number of leaves/tiller (24.89 and 16.47), leaf area (51.59 cm² and 31.02 cm²), number of tillers/plant (14.52 and 6.86), fresh rhizome yield (9.92 t ha⁻¹ and 7.77 t ha⁻¹), dry rhizome yield (0.12 t ha⁻¹ and 0.10 t ha⁻¹) and dry matter accumulation (1.17 g m⁻² day⁻¹ and 0.90 g m⁻² day⁻¹). Among the nitrogen sources, the 50% Tithonia compost + 50% NPK treatment showed the highest values for plant height (57.83 cm), number of leaves/tiller (24.75), leaf area (57.93 cm²), number of tillers/plant (13.65), fresh yield (15.91 t ha⁻¹), dry yield (0.20 t ha⁻¹), and dry matter accumulation (2.03 g m⁻² day⁻¹). The interaction of propagation method and nitrogen source was significant for all parameters except for dry matter accumulation. It is recommended that 25–30 g rhizome seed fertilized with 50% Tithonia compost and 50% NPK be used for optimum growth and yield of ginger in the study area.

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2026-02-05T13:07:32+01:00