SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION AND HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT OF HEAVY METALS IN URBAN PARKS AND GARDENS SOILS IN LAGOS STATE, NIGERIA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51406/jagse.v18i1.1910Keywords:
Cancer risk, Emission, Heavy metals, Parks, Pollution, Urban soilAbstract
Distribution and health risk assessment of heavy metals in urban parks and gardens Gani Fawehinmi Park, Ojota, (GFP), Oshodi Heritage Park Oshodi (OHP), Ikorodu/Ipado Garden (IIG), MKO Abiola Gardens, Ojota (MKO), and MOE Garden, Alausa (MOE) soils in Lagos Metropolis, Nigeria were examined using Index of Geo-accumulation (Igeo), Potential Ecological Risk Index (RI) and health risk model. Urban parks and gardens soils were substantially polluted by Cu and Pb due closeness to highways where heavy metals emitted from motor vehicles are deposited. Geoaccumulation index (Igeo) values for Pb were 10.616, 10.060, 9.027, 8.862 and 8.665 for GFP, OHP, IIG, MKO and MOE respectively. RI values for all the sites showed high pollution as they were all above 200. Health risk assessment revealed that children who visit the urban parks and garden in Lagos State are more exposed to cancer risk from Pb especially through ingestion. Results from this study provided valuable information on the pollution levels of urban parks in Lagos, Nigeria as a result of traffic related emissions and calls for proper monitoring of anthropogenic activities in the metropolis and reduce the human health impacts. The planting of hedge plants and erection of low walls could serve as shield against traffic pollution for the roadside parks
References
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Du, Y., Gao, B., Zhou, H., Ju, X., Hao, H., Yin, S. 2013, Health risk assessment of heavy metals in road dusts in urban parks of Beijing, China. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 18: 299 – 309
Ferreira-Baptista, L., De Miguel, E. 2005. Geochemistry and risk assessment of street dust in Luanda, Angola: A tropical urban environment. Atmos. Environ., 39: 4501-4512.
Fu, W., Ma, G. 2013. The characters and health risk assessment of vegetable Pb in Jilin Suburb. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 18: 221 – 226
Gilbert, R.O., 1987. Statistical Methods for Environmental Pollution Monitoring. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, pp. 177–185.
Granero, S., Domingo, J.L. 2002. Levels of metals in soils of Alcala de Henares, Spain: human health risks. Environ. Int., 28: 159 - 164.
Guo, W., Liu, X., Liu, Z. and Li, G. 2010. Pollution and Potential Ecological Risk Evaluation of Heavy Metals in the Sediments around Dongxiang Harbor, Tianjin. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 2, 729–736
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Kelepertzis, E., 2014. Investigating the sources and potential health risks of environmental contaminants in the soils and drinking waters from the rural clusters in Thiva area (Greece). Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 100: 258-265.
Konijnendijk, C.C., Annerstedt, M., Nielsen, A.B., Maruthaveeran, S. 2013. Benefits of Urban Parks: A systematic review. A Report for IFPRA. Copenhagen & Alnarp.
Li, H., Qian, X., Hu, W., Wang, Y., Gao, H. 2013. Chemical speciaition and human health risk of trace metals in urban street dusts from a metropolitan city, Nanjing, SE China. Sci Total Environ. 456-457:212-21. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713003999 [Accessed 22nd May 2015]
Li, Z., Ma, Z., Jan van der Kuijp, T., Yuan, Z., Huang, L., 2014. A review of soil heavy metal pollution in China: pollution and health risk assessment. Sci. Total Environ. 468–469: 843–853.
Lokeshwari, H., Chandrappa, G.T. 2006. Impact of heavy metal contamination of Bellandur Lake on soil and cultivated vegetation. Curr. Sci., 91(5): 622–627.
Loska, K., Wiechuła, D., Korus, I. 2004. Metal contamination of farming soils affected by industry. Environ. Int. 30: 159–165.
Loukaitou-Sideris, A., 2006. Urban Park. Southern California Environmental Report Card. 2006.
Lv, J., Liu, Y., Zhang, Z., Dai, J. 2013. Factorial kriging and stepwise regression approach to identify environmental factors influencing spatial multi-scale variability of heavy metals in soils. J. Hazard. Mater., 261: 387-397.
Madrid, L., Diaz-Barrientos, E. and Madrid, F., 2002. Distribution of heavy metal contents of urban soils in parks of Seville. Chemosphere, 49: 1301–1308.
Martin, L. 2001. Urban land use influences on heavy metal fluxes and surface sediment concentrations of small lakes. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 126: 363–383.
McBride, M.B. 1994. Environmental Chemistry of Soils. Oxford University Press, New York.
Mitchell, R. 2013. Is physical activity in natural environments better for mental health than physical activity in other environments? Social Science & Medicine, 91:130–134 Doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.04.012.
Morgan, R. 2013. Soil, Heavy Metals, and Human Health. In Brevik, E.C. & Burgess, L.C. (2013). Soils and Human Health. Boca Raton. FL: CRC Press, pp. 59-80.
Mugoša, B., Ðurović, D., Nedović-Vuković, M., Barjaktarović-Labović, S. and Vrvić, M. 2016. Assessment of Ecological Risk of Heavy Metal Contamination in Coastal Municipalities of Montenegro. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 13: 393; Doi: 10.3390/ijerph13040393 Available online at: www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph [Accessed 23rd July 2015]
Müller, G. 1969, Index of geoaccumulation in sediments of the Rhine River. Geojournal, 2: 108–118.
Nicholson, F.A., Smith, S.R., Alloway, B.J., Carlton-Smith, C. and Chambers, B.J. 2003. An inventory of heavy metals inputs to agricultural soils in England and Wales. Science of the Total Environment, 311: 205–219.
Olujimi, O., Steiner, O. and Goessler, W. 2015. Pollution indexing and health risk assessments of trace elements in indoor dusts from classrooms, living rooms and offices in Ogun State, Nigeria. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 101: 396–404
Oviasogie, P.O., Omoruyi, E., Okoro, D. Ndiokwere, C.L. 2009. Evaluation of physicochemical properties and distribution of Pb, Cd, Cr and Ni in soils and growing plants around refuse dumpsites in Akure, Nigeria. African Journal of Biotechnology. 8 (12), 2757-2762.
Pacyna, J.M., Pacyna, E.G. 2001. An assessment of global and regional emissions of trace metals to the atmosphere from anthropogenic sources worldwide, Environ. Rev., 9: 269–298.
Paoletti, E., Bardelli, T., Giovannini, G., Pecchioli, L. 2011. Air quality impact of an urban park over time. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 4: 10-16.
Poggio, L., Viscaj, B., Schulin, R. Hepperle, E., Ajmone-Marsan, F. 2009. Metals Pollution and Human Bioaccessibility of Surface soils in Grugliasco, Italy. Enviro. Pollu.157 (2): 680-689.
Rodríguez-Martín, J.A., Gutierrez, C., Escuer, M., Garcia-González, .T., Campos-Herrera, R., Águila, N. 2014. Effect of mine tailing on the spatial variability of soil nematodes from lead pollution in La Union (Spain). Science of the Total Environment, 473-474:518-529.
Ruby, M.V. 2004. Bioavailability of Soil-Borne Chemicals: Abiotic Assessment Tools. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 10: 647-656.
Shi, P., Xiao, J., Wang, Y., Chen, L. 2014. Assessment of Ecological and Human Health Risks of Heavy Metal Contamination in Agriculture Soils Disturbed by Pipeline Construction. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 11: 2504-2520. Doi:10.3390/ijerph110302504. Available online at: www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph [Accessed 12th June, 2015]
Stigsdotter, U.K., Ekholm, O., Schipperijn, J., Toftager, M., Kamper-Jorgensen, F., Randrup, T.B. 2010. Health promoting outdoor environments - Associations between green space, and health, health-related quality of life and stress based on a Danish national representative survey. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 38: 411-417.
Sieghardt, M., Mursch-Radlgruber, E., Paoletti, E., Couenberg, E., Dimitrakopoulus, A., Rego, F., Hatzistathis, A., Barfoed Randrup, T. 2005. Urban Forests and Trees. Springer: Berlin.
Sun, G., Li, Z., Bi, X., Chen, Y., Lu, S., Yuan, X. 2013. Distribution, sources and health risk assessment of mercury in kindergarten dust. Atmos. Environ. 73, 169–176. Available from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231013001830 [Accessed 22nd May 2015]
Tanzania Standards for Receiving Water, Effluents and Soils (TZS). 2003. Tanzania Bureau of Standards. Available online at: (www.google.com/tzs/pdf, 2003. [Accessed 12th January 2014].
Taylor, S.R., McLennan, S.M. 1995. The geochemical evolution of the continental crust. Rev. Geophys., 33: 241–265.
US EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency), 2011a. The Screening Level (RSL) Available on-line at: http://www.epa.gov/region9/superfund/prg/index.html> [Accessed 22nd May 2015]
US EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency), 2011b. Risk assessment guidance for superfund. In: Part A: Human Health Evaluation Manual; Part E, Supplemental Guidance for Dermal Risk Assessment; Part F, Supplemental Guidance for Inhalation Risk Assessment, vol. I. http://www.epa.gov/oswer/riskassessment/human_health_exposure.htm>[Accessed 22nd May 2015]
US EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency), 1989. .Human Health Evaluation Manual. EPA/540/1e89/002. In: Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund, vol. l. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response.
US EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency), 2001. Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund: Volume III – Part A, Process for Conducting Probabilistic Risk Assessment. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. EPA 540-R-02-002
Van den Berg, R., 1995. Human exposure to soil contamination: a qualitative and quantitative analysis towards proposals for human toxicological intervention values. RIVM Report no.725201011. National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection(RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
Ven der Gon, D.H.A.C., Hulskotte, J.H.J., Visschedijk, A.J.H., Schaap, M. 2007. A revised estimate of copper emissions from road transport in UNECE-Europe and its impact on predicted copper concentrations. Atmos. Environ., 41: 8697–8710
Ward Thompson, C., Roe, J., Aspinall, P., Mitchell, R., Clow, A., Miller, D. 2012. More green space is linked to less stress in deprived communities: evidence from salivary cortisol patterns. Landscape and Urban Planning 105(3): 221-229.
Wei, B., Jiang, F., Li, X. and Mu, S. 2009. Spatial distribution and contamination assessment of heavy metals in urban road dusts from Urumqi, NW China, MicrochemicalJournal,doi:10.1016/j.microc. 2009.06.001.
WHO. (World Health Organization). 1996. Permissible limits of heavy metals in soil and plants, (Geneva: World Health Organization), Switzerland.
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