HOST PLANTS OF THE COTTON MEALYBUG, PHENACOCCUS SOLENOPSIS TINSLEY (HOMOPTERA: PSEUDOCOCCIDAE) IN THREE SELECTED TOWNS OF NIGERIA, AND ITS INFESTATION PATTERN
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51406/jagse.v11i1.1312Keywords:
Phenacoccus solenopsis, infestation level, damage pattern, vegetable garden, surveys, pest statusAbstract
Reconnaissance surveys were carried out for field infestation of Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley from 2006 to 2010 in seventy five (75) vegetable gardens located in three (3) towns– Ogbomoso, Abeokuta and Ibadan in Nigeria. No cotton mealybug infestation was observed in Abeokuta and Ibadan, but twenty four (24) plants in 16 different families were observed as its hosts in Ogbomoso area. Of the 24 species, weeds constituted 45.8%, vegetables 29.1%, herbs 12.5%, cereals 4.2%, fruit trees 4.2% and pulse 4.2% each. Infestations started on the abasial leaf surface and advanced to the mid-ribs, petiole, young and succulent stems and buds. Corchorus olitorius and Amaranthus hybridus were the most susceptible of the trialled plant species with heavy root infestation in addition to that of the leaf. On heavily infested plants, certain ants were found together with P. solenopsis; on cowpea however, Aphis craccivora and the ants formed a complex with the mealybug on the flower buds. Of the three towns surveyed, P. solenopsis could be said to be restricted to backyard gardens around Ogbomoso at the moment. However, a nation-wide survey is very necessary now to determine the current status of the mealybug in Nigeria.
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References
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Pitan, O.O.R., Mwansat, G., Akinyemi, S.O.S., Adebayo, O.S., Akinlosotu, T.A. 2002. Effect of mango mealybug and sooty mould attack on mango and the impact of the released Gyranusoidea tebygi Noyes on yield. Fruit, 57: 105-113.
Pitan, O.O.R. 2008. Variations in the population of the mango mealybug Rastrococcus invadens (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae), and its parasitism, in relation to smoke pollution. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 28: 119-125.
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Wiliams, D.J., Grana de Willink, M.C. 1992. Mealybugs of Central and Southern America. CAB International Wallingford, England. 635 pp.
Akinlosotu, T.A., Leuschner, K. 1981 Outbreak of two new cassava pests (Mononychellus tanajoa and Phenacoccus manihoti) in south-western Nigeria. Tropical Pest Management, 27(2): 247-250.
Akinlosotu, T.A. 1983. Studies on the control of the cassava mealybug (Phenacoccus manihoti) and the green spider mite (Mononychellus tanajoa) in south-western Nigeria. Journal of Root Crops, 9(1 &2): 33-43.
Akintola, A.J., Ande, A.T. 2008. First record of Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley on Hibiscus rosasinensis in Nigeria. Medwell Agricultural Journal, 3(1): 1-3.
Arif, M.I., Rafiq, M., Ghaffar, A. 2009. Host plants of cotton mealybug (Phenacoccus solenopsis): A new menace to cotton agroecosystem of Punjab, Pakistan. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 11: 163-167.
Ben-Dov, Y. 2004. Scalenet. Phenacoccus solenopsis. Available on line from http://198.77.169.79/catalogs/Pseudoco/ Phenacoccussolenopsis.htm
Emehute, J.K.U., Egwuatu, R.I. 1990. Effects of field populations of cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti on cassava yield and Epidinocarsis lopezi at different planting dates in Nigeria. International Journal of Pest Management, 36(3): 279-281.
Hodgson, C., Abbas, G., Arif, M.J., Saeed, S., Karar, H. 2008 Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae), an invasive mealybug damaging cotton in Pakistan and India, with a discussion on seasonal morphological variation. Zootaxa, 1913: 1–35.
James, B.D. 1987. The cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti Mat-Ferr (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Sierra Leone: A survey. International Journal of Pest Management, 33(1): 61-66.
Larrain, P. 2002. Incidencia de insectos y acaros Plagas en pepino gulce (Solanum muricatum Ait) Cultivado en la IV Region, Chile. Agricultura Technica, 62: 15-26.
Le Ru, B., Tertuliano, M. 1993. Tolerance of different host-plants to the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). International Journal of Pest Management, 39(4): 379-384.
Mark, P.C., Gullan, P.J. 2005. A new pest of tomato and other records of mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) from Espirit Santo, Brazil. Zootaxa, 964: 1-8.
Meyerdirk, D.E., Muniappan, R., Warkentin, R., Bamba, J., Reddy, G.V.P. 2004. Biological control of the papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Guam. Plant Protection Quarterly 19(3): 110-114.
Miller, G.L., Miller, D.R., Limones, E.M., Gill, R.J., Carlson, R.W. 2005. The United States national Collection of scale insects. Available online from http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov.591/scale_slides/slide_frame.htm
Muniappan, R. 2009. Sequel to the article ‘ÃPM includes the use of pesticides’ IAPPS Newsletter Number 2. Crop Protection, 28: 201-202.
Neuenschwander, P. 2001. Biological control of the cassava mealybug in Africa: A review. Biological Control, 21: 214-229.
Neuenschwander, P., Ajounu, O. 1995. Measuring host finding capacity and arrestment of natural enemies of cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti, in the field. Entomologia Experimenta et Applicata, 77: 47-55.
Neuenschwander, P., Hammond, W.N.O., Gutierrez, A.P., Cudjoe, A.R., Baumgartner, J.U., Regev, U., Adlakloe, R. 1990. Biological control of cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hom.: Pseudococcidae) by Epidinocarsis lopezi in West Africa, as influenced by climate and soil. Agriculture Ecosystem and Environment, 32: 39-55.
Odebiyi, J.A., Bokonon-Ganta, A.H. 1986. Biology of Epidinocarsis (Apoanagyrus) lopezi (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) an exotic parasite of cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) in Nigeria. Entomophaga, 31: 251-260.
Osborne, L.S. (2005) mealybugs. Available from http://www.mrec.ifas.edu/lso/mealybugs.htm.
Pitan, O.O.R. 2002. Distribution pattern of the spiralling whitefly, Aleurodicus dispersus Russell, in tomato plant. Proceeding of the Horticultural Society of Nigeria, 20th HORTSON conference, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 28th May – 1st June, 2001 (Eds. B. N. Mbah and K. P. Baiyeri), 98-100.
Pitan, O.O.R., Mwansat, G., Akinyemi, S.O.S., Adebayo, O.S., Akinlosotu, T.A. 2002. Effect of mango mealybug and sooty mould attack on mango and the impact of the released Gyranusoidea tebygi Noyes on yield. Fruit, 57: 105-113.
Pitan, O.O.R. 2008. Variations in the population of the mango mealybug Rastrococcus invadens (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae), and its parasitism, in relation to smoke pollution. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 28: 119-125.
Walton, V.M., Krüger, K., Saccaggi, D.L., Millar, I.M. 2009. A survey of scale insects (Sternorryncha: Coccoidea) occurring on table grapes in South Africa. 6pp. Journal of Insect Science 9: 47, available online: insectscience.org/9.47
Wiliams, D.J., Grana de Willink, M.C. 1992. Mealybugs of Central and Southern America. CAB International Wallingford, England. 635 pp.
