EFFECT OF UROMAIZ ON SPERM CHARACTERISTICS IN WEST AFRICAN DWARF BUCKS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51406/jagse.v10i2.1106Keywords:
Bucks, Sperm characteristics, UromaizAbstract
The effect of uromaiz, slow ammonia releasing urea product, produced by autoclaving and drying ofgerminated maize and urea on semen characteristics was investigated in twenty West African Dwarf(WAD) bucks in a completely randomized design experiment. The bucks were 11 and 13 months oldand they weighed 9.26+1.33kg. The bucks were assigned to five treatment groups and fed 0, 25, 50,75 and 100% uromaiz inclusion in the diet for eight weeks while data collection was carried out weeklyat the last four weeks. The results showed that important semen characteristics such as semen volume,sperm motility, sperm concentration and Sperm number per ejaculate increased (p<0.05) at 25and 50% levels of inclusion and reduced at higher levels of 75% and 100%. Primary abnormality locatedin the head, midpiece and tail increased (p<0.05) with increasing levels of uromaiz inclusion butvalues obtained were within the acceptable range for optimal fertility. The findings of this study indicatethat uromaiz at 25% or 50% could be included in the diet of WAD bucks to enhance sperm quality.References
Adeloye, A. A. 1985. Water utilization by
goats fed with maize cob. Nutrition Reports
International, 32: 1461-1466.
Ademosun, A. A. 1987. Appropriate management
system for the West African Dwarf
goat in the humid tropics. In: Smith O B
and Bosman H G (eds.) Goat Production in
the Humid Tropics (Proceedings of a Workshop
at the University of Ife, Ile-ife, Nigeria,
20-24 July 1987). Centre for Agricultural
Publishing and Documentation (Pudoc):
Wageningen, The Netherlands. 21-28.
El-Azab, A.L., Khadrb, N.A., Zahranb,
K. 1998. Effect of non-protein nitrogen in
the ration on ram semen quality. Small Rum
Res, 27(1): 73-77.
Awawdeh, F. T., Tadros, A., Al-Barket,
F. 1998. Improving Awassi sheep productivity.
In: Proceedings of the Eight Conference
Animal Production, Seoul, Korea, June 25-
July 4, 1998, pp.242.
Bearden, J., Fuquay, J.W., 1997. Semen
Evaluation. Applied Animal Reproduction (4th
Edition). Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River,
New Jersey, 07458. P. 158-169.
Branton, C., Branton, R.W., Salisbury, G.
W. 1947. Total digestible nutrients and protein
levels for diary bulls used in artificialbreeding. Journal of Dairy Science, XXX,
(12): 1003-1013,
Calfield, R.W. Sniffen, C.D. Buther, W.
R. 1990. Effect of excess degradable protein
on postpartum reproduction and energy
balance in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy
Science, 73(9): 2342-9.
Carrol, D.J., Barton, B.A., Anderson, G.
W., Grindle, B.P 1987. Influence of dietary
crude protein intake on urea-nitrogen and
ammonia concentration of plasma, ruminal
and vaginal fluids of dairy cows. Journal of
Dairy Science, 70: 117, Supplement 1.
Castillo, E., Tizol, G., Alvarez, J.L.,
Perez, M., Baez, R. 1987. Reduction of
the protein concentrate level in the ration
for Holstein sires. I. Effect of semen quality.
Cuban Journal Agricultural Science,
21(3): 247-50.
Cortadac, N.M., Lucci, C.S., Gonzalez,
R.A.F., Valentin, R., Mattos, C.B. 2000.
Plasma urea levels on reproductive parameters
of wool-less rams (Ovis aries, LINNAEUS,
1758). Braz. J. Vet. Res. Anim.
Sci. 37 (6): São Paulo Dec. 2000, doi:
10.1590/S1413-95962000000600007
Daramola, J.O., Adeloye, A.A. 2005. Effect
of germination time on Glucose levels
of sorghum and maize in uromalts preparation.
Extraordinary Conference of the Nigerian
Society for Experimental Biology
(NISEB), 5th –9th July 2005, Igbinedion
University, Okada, pp.7.
Duncan, D.B. 1955 Multiple Ranges and
Multiples F-tests. Biometrics, 11: 1–42.
Elrod, C.C., Amburgh, M., Van Butler,
W.R. 1993. Alterations of pH in response
to increased dietary protein in cattle are
unique to the uterus. Journal of Animal Science,
71(3): 702-706.
Ferguson, J.D., Galligan, D.T., Blanchard,
T., Matthew, R. 1993. Serum urea nitrogen
and conception rate: the usefulness of
test information. Journal of Dairy Science,
76(12): 3742-3746.
Gun, R.R., Milne, J.A., Senior, A.J., Sibbald,
A.M. 1992: The effect of feeding supplements
in autumn on the reproductive performance
of grazing ewe.1. Feeding of fixed
amounts of supplement before and during
mating. Anim. Prod., 54(2): 243-248.
Handelsman, D.J. 1985: Hypothalamicpituitary
gonadal dysfunction in renal failure,
dialysis and renal transplantation. Endocrine
Reviews, 6(2): 151-182.
Holdsworth, S.R., De krestser, D.M., Atkins,
R.C. 1978. A comparison of hemocialysis
and transplantation in reversing the uremic
disturbance of male reproductive function.
Clinical Nephrology, 10(4): 146-150.
Hussain, M., Khanum, S.A., Kausar, R.,
Ali, M. 2003. Use of urea molasses multinutrient
blocks (UMMB) in livestock production.
In: Proceedings of the Int. Anim.
Nutr. Conf., Lahre, Pakistan, March 19-20,
2003, P. 52.
Kelly, R.W., Speijers, E.J., Ralph, I.J.,
Newnham, J. P. 1992: Lambing performance
and wool production of maiden and
adult Merino ewes fed different amounts of
lupin seeds in mid pregnancy. Aust. J. Agric.
Res. 43(2): 339- 354.
Kemp, B., Bakker, G.O.M., Denthartog,
L.A., Verstegen, M.W.A. 1991. The effect
of semen collection frequency and food intake
on semen production in breeding
boars. Animal Production, 52: 355-360,
Kenny, D.A., Humpherson, P.G.,
Leese, H.J., Morris, D.G., Tomos,
A.D., Diskin, M.G., Sreenan, J.M. 2002.
Effect of Elevated Systemic Concentrations
of Ammonia and Urea on the Metabolite
and Ionic Composition of Oviductal Fluid
in Cattle. Biology of Reproduction. 66(6): 1797-
1804. doi: 10.1095/biolreprod66.6.1797
Lim, V.S. 1987. Reproductive function in
patients with renal insufficiency. American
Journal of Kidney Diseases, 9(4): 363-367.
Lindsay, J.A., Laing, A., 1995 The place
for molasses in drought feeding strategies.
In: Proceedings of workshop User’s Guide
Droughr Feeding Strategies, UNE, Armidale,
NSW2351, Australia, July 5-6, 1995, P.
55.
Mack, S.D. 1983. Evaluation of the productivities
of West African Dwarf sheep
and goats. Humid Zone Programme Document
No. 7. ILCA, Ibadan.
Mann, T., Mann, C.L. 1981. Male reproductive
function and semen. Themes and
trends in physiology, biochemistry and investigative
andrology. Berlin: Spring-Verlag,
495 P.
Mirza, I.H., Jadoon, J.K., Naqvi, M.A.,
Ali, A. 1988. Performance of lambs fed
urea molasses blocks verses concentrate.
Asian Australian J. Anim. Sci., 1(1): 27-31.
NDSU, 1996. North Dakota State University,
Sheep Pocket Guide, Extension, US.
Netto, J.R., Pecoraro, G., Sabbaga, E.,
Góes, G.M. 1980. Spermatogenesis before
and after renal transplant. International Journal
of Fertility, 25(2): 131-133.
Osuagwah, A.I.A. 1992. Effects of strategic
feed supplementation during pregnancy on
body weight and prenatal survival of West
African Dwarf Kids. J. Agric. Sci. (Camb.)
119: 123-126.
Oyeyemi, M.O., Adetunji, V.O., Olubukola,
O. 2006. Effects of different planes of
meat offals and soybean meal on the morphological
characteristics of West African
dwarf buck’s spermiogram. Veterinarski Arhiv
76(2): 159-165.
Phadke, A.G., Mackinnon, K.J., Dossetor,
J. B. 1970. Male fertility in uremia: restoration
by renal allografts. Canadian Medical
Association. M.A. Journal, 102(6): 607-
608.
Rafiq, M. 1999. Responses of young sheep
to dietary supplements when fed low quality
roughages. Ph.D. Thesis. The University of
Melbourne, Parkville, Vic. 3052, Australia, P.
59.
Rafiq, M., Mumtaz, S., Akhtar. N.,
Khan, M.F. 2007. Effect of strategic supplementation
with multi-nutrient urea molasses
blocks on body weight and body condition
score of Lohi sheep owned by tenants
of Pakistan. Small Rumin. Res., 70: 200-208.
Available on: www.elsevier.com/locate/
smallrumres
Rodriguez-rigau, L.J., Steinberger, E.,
1982. The Testis and spermatogenesis. In:
Zaneveld, L. J. D., Chatterton, R. T. (Eds.).
Biochemistry of Mammalian Reproduction.
New York: John Wiley, Chap. 1:1-35.
Singleton, W.L., Belstra, B.A. 1997. Update
on Artificial Insemination, NSIF Proceeding.
Thompson, L.H., Goode, L., Myers, R.
M., Linnerud, A.C. 1972. Effect of urea
on semen quality and fertility of ruminant
males. Journal of Animal Science, 35(1): 195.
Tsukaguchi, H., Shavakul, C., Berger,
U. V., Tokui, T., Brown, D., Hediger,
M.A. 1997. Cloning and characterization of
the urea transporter UT3: localization in rat
kidney and testis. Journal of Clinical Investigation,
99(7): 1506-15.
Virk, A.S., Steinagas, H., Menke, K.H.
1989. Studies on in vitro digestion of slow
ammonia releasing urea product. Arch.
Tierenahr, 39: 167-176.
goats fed with maize cob. Nutrition Reports
International, 32: 1461-1466.
Ademosun, A. A. 1987. Appropriate management
system for the West African Dwarf
goat in the humid tropics. In: Smith O B
and Bosman H G (eds.) Goat Production in
the Humid Tropics (Proceedings of a Workshop
at the University of Ife, Ile-ife, Nigeria,
20-24 July 1987). Centre for Agricultural
Publishing and Documentation (Pudoc):
Wageningen, The Netherlands. 21-28.
El-Azab, A.L., Khadrb, N.A., Zahranb,
K. 1998. Effect of non-protein nitrogen in
the ration on ram semen quality. Small Rum
Res, 27(1): 73-77.
Awawdeh, F. T., Tadros, A., Al-Barket,
F. 1998. Improving Awassi sheep productivity.
In: Proceedings of the Eight Conference
Animal Production, Seoul, Korea, June 25-
July 4, 1998, pp.242.
Bearden, J., Fuquay, J.W., 1997. Semen
Evaluation. Applied Animal Reproduction (4th
Edition). Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River,
New Jersey, 07458. P. 158-169.
Branton, C., Branton, R.W., Salisbury, G.
W. 1947. Total digestible nutrients and protein
levels for diary bulls used in artificialbreeding. Journal of Dairy Science, XXX,
(12): 1003-1013,
Calfield, R.W. Sniffen, C.D. Buther, W.
R. 1990. Effect of excess degradable protein
on postpartum reproduction and energy
balance in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy
Science, 73(9): 2342-9.
Carrol, D.J., Barton, B.A., Anderson, G.
W., Grindle, B.P 1987. Influence of dietary
crude protein intake on urea-nitrogen and
ammonia concentration of plasma, ruminal
and vaginal fluids of dairy cows. Journal of
Dairy Science, 70: 117, Supplement 1.
Castillo, E., Tizol, G., Alvarez, J.L.,
Perez, M., Baez, R. 1987. Reduction of
the protein concentrate level in the ration
for Holstein sires. I. Effect of semen quality.
Cuban Journal Agricultural Science,
21(3): 247-50.
Cortadac, N.M., Lucci, C.S., Gonzalez,
R.A.F., Valentin, R., Mattos, C.B. 2000.
Plasma urea levels on reproductive parameters
of wool-less rams (Ovis aries, LINNAEUS,
1758). Braz. J. Vet. Res. Anim.
Sci. 37 (6): São Paulo Dec. 2000, doi:
10.1590/S1413-95962000000600007
Daramola, J.O., Adeloye, A.A. 2005. Effect
of germination time on Glucose levels
of sorghum and maize in uromalts preparation.
Extraordinary Conference of the Nigerian
Society for Experimental Biology
(NISEB), 5th –9th July 2005, Igbinedion
University, Okada, pp.7.
Duncan, D.B. 1955 Multiple Ranges and
Multiples F-tests. Biometrics, 11: 1–42.
Elrod, C.C., Amburgh, M., Van Butler,
W.R. 1993. Alterations of pH in response
to increased dietary protein in cattle are
unique to the uterus. Journal of Animal Science,
71(3): 702-706.
Ferguson, J.D., Galligan, D.T., Blanchard,
T., Matthew, R. 1993. Serum urea nitrogen
and conception rate: the usefulness of
test information. Journal of Dairy Science,
76(12): 3742-3746.
Gun, R.R., Milne, J.A., Senior, A.J., Sibbald,
A.M. 1992: The effect of feeding supplements
in autumn on the reproductive performance
of grazing ewe.1. Feeding of fixed
amounts of supplement before and during
mating. Anim. Prod., 54(2): 243-248.
Handelsman, D.J. 1985: Hypothalamicpituitary
gonadal dysfunction in renal failure,
dialysis and renal transplantation. Endocrine
Reviews, 6(2): 151-182.
Holdsworth, S.R., De krestser, D.M., Atkins,
R.C. 1978. A comparison of hemocialysis
and transplantation in reversing the uremic
disturbance of male reproductive function.
Clinical Nephrology, 10(4): 146-150.
Hussain, M., Khanum, S.A., Kausar, R.,
Ali, M. 2003. Use of urea molasses multinutrient
blocks (UMMB) in livestock production.
In: Proceedings of the Int. Anim.
Nutr. Conf., Lahre, Pakistan, March 19-20,
2003, P. 52.
Kelly, R.W., Speijers, E.J., Ralph, I.J.,
Newnham, J. P. 1992: Lambing performance
and wool production of maiden and
adult Merino ewes fed different amounts of
lupin seeds in mid pregnancy. Aust. J. Agric.
Res. 43(2): 339- 354.
Kemp, B., Bakker, G.O.M., Denthartog,
L.A., Verstegen, M.W.A. 1991. The effect
of semen collection frequency and food intake
on semen production in breeding
boars. Animal Production, 52: 355-360,
Kenny, D.A., Humpherson, P.G.,
Leese, H.J., Morris, D.G., Tomos,
A.D., Diskin, M.G., Sreenan, J.M. 2002.
Effect of Elevated Systemic Concentrations
of Ammonia and Urea on the Metabolite
and Ionic Composition of Oviductal Fluid
in Cattle. Biology of Reproduction. 66(6): 1797-
1804. doi: 10.1095/biolreprod66.6.1797
Lim, V.S. 1987. Reproductive function in
patients with renal insufficiency. American
Journal of Kidney Diseases, 9(4): 363-367.
Lindsay, J.A., Laing, A., 1995 The place
for molasses in drought feeding strategies.
In: Proceedings of workshop User’s Guide
Droughr Feeding Strategies, UNE, Armidale,
NSW2351, Australia, July 5-6, 1995, P.
55.
Mack, S.D. 1983. Evaluation of the productivities
of West African Dwarf sheep
and goats. Humid Zone Programme Document
No. 7. ILCA, Ibadan.
Mann, T., Mann, C.L. 1981. Male reproductive
function and semen. Themes and
trends in physiology, biochemistry and investigative
andrology. Berlin: Spring-Verlag,
495 P.
Mirza, I.H., Jadoon, J.K., Naqvi, M.A.,
Ali, A. 1988. Performance of lambs fed
urea molasses blocks verses concentrate.
Asian Australian J. Anim. Sci., 1(1): 27-31.
NDSU, 1996. North Dakota State University,
Sheep Pocket Guide, Extension, US.
Netto, J.R., Pecoraro, G., Sabbaga, E.,
Góes, G.M. 1980. Spermatogenesis before
and after renal transplant. International Journal
of Fertility, 25(2): 131-133.
Osuagwah, A.I.A. 1992. Effects of strategic
feed supplementation during pregnancy on
body weight and prenatal survival of West
African Dwarf Kids. J. Agric. Sci. (Camb.)
119: 123-126.
Oyeyemi, M.O., Adetunji, V.O., Olubukola,
O. 2006. Effects of different planes of
meat offals and soybean meal on the morphological
characteristics of West African
dwarf buck’s spermiogram. Veterinarski Arhiv
76(2): 159-165.
Phadke, A.G., Mackinnon, K.J., Dossetor,
J. B. 1970. Male fertility in uremia: restoration
by renal allografts. Canadian Medical
Association. M.A. Journal, 102(6): 607-
608.
Rafiq, M. 1999. Responses of young sheep
to dietary supplements when fed low quality
roughages. Ph.D. Thesis. The University of
Melbourne, Parkville, Vic. 3052, Australia, P.
59.
Rafiq, M., Mumtaz, S., Akhtar. N.,
Khan, M.F. 2007. Effect of strategic supplementation
with multi-nutrient urea molasses
blocks on body weight and body condition
score of Lohi sheep owned by tenants
of Pakistan. Small Rumin. Res., 70: 200-208.
Available on: www.elsevier.com/locate/
smallrumres
Rodriguez-rigau, L.J., Steinberger, E.,
1982. The Testis and spermatogenesis. In:
Zaneveld, L. J. D., Chatterton, R. T. (Eds.).
Biochemistry of Mammalian Reproduction.
New York: John Wiley, Chap. 1:1-35.
Singleton, W.L., Belstra, B.A. 1997. Update
on Artificial Insemination, NSIF Proceeding.
Thompson, L.H., Goode, L., Myers, R.
M., Linnerud, A.C. 1972. Effect of urea
on semen quality and fertility of ruminant
males. Journal of Animal Science, 35(1): 195.
Tsukaguchi, H., Shavakul, C., Berger,
U. V., Tokui, T., Brown, D., Hediger,
M.A. 1997. Cloning and characterization of
the urea transporter UT3: localization in rat
kidney and testis. Journal of Clinical Investigation,
99(7): 1506-15.
Virk, A.S., Steinagas, H., Menke, K.H.
1989. Studies on in vitro digestion of slow
ammonia releasing urea product. Arch.
Tierenahr, 39: 167-176.
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