DYNAMICS OF CARBON, NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS AND POTASSIUM UNDER DIFFERENT Tithonia diversifolia MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS IN A TROPICAL ALFISOL: A GREENHOUSE BIOASSAY
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51406/jagse.v10i1.1048Keywords:
Tithonia diversifolia, nutrient dynamicsAbstract
The research investigated the dynamics of C, N, P and K under different Tithonia management options.Changes in soil N and P showed significant increase in these nutrients in treatment with incorporatedTithonia + NPK and Mulched Tithonia + NPK respectively. There was a reduction in the soil K at6 WAP in all the treatments except those with NPK and mulched Tithonia. Generally, there was a sustainedincrease in soil organic carbon in all the treatments. There was an increase in N and P contentsof maize plant with successive cycles thus indicating residual effect, most pronounced in treatmentwith incorporated Tithonia + NPK. However, there is the need for K supplementation at the secondmaize cycle. Maize biomass yield indicated the possibility of two cycles with mulched or incorporatedTithonia + NPK fertilizers as most promising option. Economic feasibility should, however, be considered.References
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Menkir, A., Adetunji, M.T. 2005. Effect
of drought and weed management on maize
genotypes and the tensiometric soil water
content of an eutric nitisol in south western
Nigeria. Plant and Soil, 276: 61-68.
Bouyoucos G. H. 1951. A calibration of
the hydrometer method for testing mechanical
analysis of soils, Agron. J. 43: 434-
438.
Buresh, R.J., Smithson, P. C., Hellums,
D. T. 1997. Building soil phosphorus capital
in Africa. In Replenish Soil Fertility in
Africa. Eds. R J Buresh, P A Sanchez and F
Calhoun. pp. 111-149. SSSA Spec. Publ. 51.
SSSA and ASA, Madison, WI.
Buresh, R.J., Tian, G. 1997 Soil improvement
by trees in sub-Saharan Africa. Agro
forestry Sys., 38: 51-76.
Cater, M.R. 1993. Soil sampling and methods
of analysis. Canadian Soc. Soil Sci., Ontario
Canada.
Cong, P.T., Merckx , R. 2005. Improving
phosphorus availability in two upland soils
of Vietnam using Tithonia diversifolia H. Plant
and Soil, 269: 11–23.
Drechsel, P., Reck, B. 1998. Composted
shrub-pruning and other manures for smallholder
farming systems in southern
Rwanda. Agroforestry sys., 39: 1-12.
Gachengo, E., Rao, M.R., Jama, B.A.,
Niang, A.I. 1996. Phosphorus release and
availability addition of organic materials to
phosphorus fixing soils. MSc Thesis. Moi
University, Eldoret, Kenya.
Gachengo, C.N., Palm, C.A., Jama, B.,
Othien, O. 1999. The potential of agro forestry
to control striga and increase maize
yield in sub-Saharan Africa. Proceedings of
Sixth Regional Maize Conference for Eastern
and Southern Africa, 21-25 September
1998 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, pp
180184.CIMMYT, Harare, Zimbabwe.
Ganunga, R., Yerokun, O., Kumwenda,
J.D.Y. 1998. Tithonia diversifolia; an organic
source of nitrogen and phosphorus for
maize in Malawi. In; Waddington SR et al.
(eds.)Soil fertility Research for Maize-Based
Farming Systems in Malawi and Zimbabwe,
pp 191-194.
Iyamuremye, F., Dick, R.P. 1996 Organic
amendments and phosphorus sorption by
soils. Adv. Agron., 56: 139-185
Jiri, O., Waddington, S.R. 1998. Leaf
pruning from two species of Tithonia raise
maize grain yield in Zimbabwe, but take a lot
of labour! Newsletter of soil Fert Net, Harare,
Zimbabwe. Target, 16: 4-5.
Nagarajah, S., Nizar, B.M. 1982. Wild
sunflower as a green manure for rice in the
mid-country west zone. Trop. Agric., 138:69-
78.
Nelson, D.W., Sommers, L.E. 1982. Total
carbon, organic carbon and organic matter.
In: Page AL, editor. Methods of soil analysis,
part 2. 2nd ed. Agron. Monogr., vol 9. Madison,
WI: ASA and SSSA., pp. 539-79.
Nginja, J.O., Niang, A., Palm, C., Lauriks,
P. 1998. Traditional hedges in Western
Kenya: typology, composition, distribution,
uses, productivity and tenure. Pilot Project
Report No. 8.Regional Agroforestry Research
Centre, Maseno, Kenya.
Nzigueba, G., Palm, C.A., Buresh, R.
J., Smithson, P.C. 1998. Soil phosphorus
fractions and adsorption as affected by organic
and inorganic sources. Plant & Soil,
198: 159-168.
Odunsi, A.A, Farimu, G.O., Akinola, J.
O. 1996. Influence of dietary wild sunflower
(Tithonia diversifolia Hemsl. A.
Gray) leaf meal on layers performance and
egg quality. Nig. J. Anim. Prod., 23: 28-32.
Palm, C.A., Mukalama, J., Agunda, J.,
Nekesa, P., Ajanga, S. 1997. From hedge
survey: composition, management, use and
potential for soil fertility management
.Summary report for African Highlands
Initiative. Tropical Soil Biology and
Fertility Programme (TSBF), Nairobi,
Kenya.
Palm, C. Nziguheba, G., Gachengo, C.,
Gacheru, E., Rao, M.R. 1999. Organic
materials as sources of phosphorus. Agroforestry
Forum, 9: 30–33.
Roothaert, R., Patterson, R.T. 1997. Recent
work on the production and utilization
of tree fodder in East Africa. Anim. Feed Sci.
& Tech., 69: 39-51.
SAS Institute 1990. SAS/STAT user’s
guide, release 6, 4th ed. SAS Institute: Cary,
N.C.
Udo, E.J., Ogunwale, J.A. 1986. Laboratory
manual for the analysis of soil, plant and
water samples, Second edition, p.164
Menkir, A., Adetunji, M.T. 2005. Effect
of drought and weed management on maize
genotypes and the tensiometric soil water
content of an eutric nitisol in south western
Nigeria. Plant and Soil, 276: 61-68.
Bouyoucos G. H. 1951. A calibration of
the hydrometer method for testing mechanical
analysis of soils, Agron. J. 43: 434-
438.
Buresh, R.J., Smithson, P. C., Hellums,
D. T. 1997. Building soil phosphorus capital
in Africa. In Replenish Soil Fertility in
Africa. Eds. R J Buresh, P A Sanchez and F
Calhoun. pp. 111-149. SSSA Spec. Publ. 51.
SSSA and ASA, Madison, WI.
Buresh, R.J., Tian, G. 1997 Soil improvement
by trees in sub-Saharan Africa. Agro
forestry Sys., 38: 51-76.
Cater, M.R. 1993. Soil sampling and methods
of analysis. Canadian Soc. Soil Sci., Ontario
Canada.
Cong, P.T., Merckx , R. 2005. Improving
phosphorus availability in two upland soils
of Vietnam using Tithonia diversifolia H. Plant
and Soil, 269: 11–23.
Drechsel, P., Reck, B. 1998. Composted
shrub-pruning and other manures for smallholder
farming systems in southern
Rwanda. Agroforestry sys., 39: 1-12.
Gachengo, E., Rao, M.R., Jama, B.A.,
Niang, A.I. 1996. Phosphorus release and
availability addition of organic materials to
phosphorus fixing soils. MSc Thesis. Moi
University, Eldoret, Kenya.
Gachengo, C.N., Palm, C.A., Jama, B.,
Othien, O. 1999. The potential of agro forestry
to control striga and increase maize
yield in sub-Saharan Africa. Proceedings of
Sixth Regional Maize Conference for Eastern
and Southern Africa, 21-25 September
1998 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, pp
180184.CIMMYT, Harare, Zimbabwe.
Ganunga, R., Yerokun, O., Kumwenda,
J.D.Y. 1998. Tithonia diversifolia; an organic
source of nitrogen and phosphorus for
maize in Malawi. In; Waddington SR et al.
(eds.)Soil fertility Research for Maize-Based
Farming Systems in Malawi and Zimbabwe,
pp 191-194.
Iyamuremye, F., Dick, R.P. 1996 Organic
amendments and phosphorus sorption by
soils. Adv. Agron., 56: 139-185
Jiri, O., Waddington, S.R. 1998. Leaf
pruning from two species of Tithonia raise
maize grain yield in Zimbabwe, but take a lot
of labour! Newsletter of soil Fert Net, Harare,
Zimbabwe. Target, 16: 4-5.
Nagarajah, S., Nizar, B.M. 1982. Wild
sunflower as a green manure for rice in the
mid-country west zone. Trop. Agric., 138:69-
78.
Nelson, D.W., Sommers, L.E. 1982. Total
carbon, organic carbon and organic matter.
In: Page AL, editor. Methods of soil analysis,
part 2. 2nd ed. Agron. Monogr., vol 9. Madison,
WI: ASA and SSSA., pp. 539-79.
Nginja, J.O., Niang, A., Palm, C., Lauriks,
P. 1998. Traditional hedges in Western
Kenya: typology, composition, distribution,
uses, productivity and tenure. Pilot Project
Report No. 8.Regional Agroforestry Research
Centre, Maseno, Kenya.
Nzigueba, G., Palm, C.A., Buresh, R.
J., Smithson, P.C. 1998. Soil phosphorus
fractions and adsorption as affected by organic
and inorganic sources. Plant & Soil,
198: 159-168.
Odunsi, A.A, Farimu, G.O., Akinola, J.
O. 1996. Influence of dietary wild sunflower
(Tithonia diversifolia Hemsl. A.
Gray) leaf meal on layers performance and
egg quality. Nig. J. Anim. Prod., 23: 28-32.
Palm, C.A., Mukalama, J., Agunda, J.,
Nekesa, P., Ajanga, S. 1997. From hedge
survey: composition, management, use and
potential for soil fertility management
.Summary report for African Highlands
Initiative. Tropical Soil Biology and
Fertility Programme (TSBF), Nairobi,
Kenya.
Palm, C. Nziguheba, G., Gachengo, C.,
Gacheru, E., Rao, M.R. 1999. Organic
materials as sources of phosphorus. Agroforestry
Forum, 9: 30–33.
Roothaert, R., Patterson, R.T. 1997. Recent
work on the production and utilization
of tree fodder in East Africa. Anim. Feed Sci.
& Tech., 69: 39-51.
SAS Institute 1990. SAS/STAT user’s
guide, release 6, 4th ed. SAS Institute: Cary,
N.C.
Udo, E.J., Ogunwale, J.A. 1986. Laboratory
manual for the analysis of soil, plant and
water samples, Second edition, p.164
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